Water-soluble ions such as sulfate may have great impacts on atmospheric pollution. To determine the deposition effect of PM2.5 sulfates, the major PM2.5 constituents, in the forest canopy in Beijing, China, an investigation was carried out in an urban forest, Olympic Forest Park, and a suburban forest, Jiufeng National Forest Park. We measured the vertical distributions of sulfate by using mon...

Birds both promote and prosper from forest restoration. The ecosystem functions birds perform can increase the pace of forest regeneration and, correspondingly, increase the available habitat for birds and other forest-dependent species. The aim of this study was to learn how tropical forest restoration treatments interact with landscape tree cover to affect the structure and composition of a d...

Forest and harvested wood products (HWP) carbon (C) stocks between 2001 and 2100 for Ontario’s managed forests were projected using FORCARB-ON, an adaptation of the U.S. national forest C budget model known as FORCARB2. A fire disturbance module was introduced to FORCARB-ON to simulate the effects of wildfire on C, and some of themodel’s C pools were re-parameterized using data fromCanadian for...

different ecologic factors influence on forming, development and sustaining of the plant communities, among which physiographic variables are the most important ones. the aim of this study was to identify forest types and effect of physiographical factors such as sea level height, slope and aspect of the site on quantitative characteristics of forest types in 2nd district of vaz forest with are...

Beta diversity - the variation in species composition among spatially discrete communities - and sampling grain - the size of samples being compared - may alter our perspectives of diversity within and between landscapes before and after agricultural conversion. Such assumptions are usually based on point comparisons, which do not accurately capture actual differences in total diversity. Beta d...

firms invest in their learning activities to improve their innovative efforts. these kinds of activities are either internal or external. knowledge which flows among local actors is one of the external learning factors. spontaneous knowledge flows among firms without any compensation or with compensation less than the real value is called knowledge spillover. this paper analyzes the effect of k...

Tree communities contribute to maintenance of species diversity in tropical forests. Coexistence many tree is not without competition. Therefore, coexistence and size diversities occur sequentially or simultaneously natural Understanding competition mechanisms requires knowledge interactions within between species. However, conservation efforts strategies failed due inability identify maintain ...

BACKGROUND Dispersal events between habitat patches in a landscape mosaic can structure ecological communities and influence the functioning of agrosystems. Here we investigated whether short-distance dispersal events between vineyard and forest patches shape foliar fungal communities. We hypothesized that these communities homogenize between habitats over the course of the growing season, part...