The molecular basis of many forms of signal transfer in living organisms is provided via the transient phosphorylation of regulatory proteins by transfer of phosphoryl groups between these proteins. The dominant form of signal transduction in prokaryotic microorganisms proceeds via so-called two-component regulatory systems. These systems constitute phosphoryl transfer pathways, consisting of t...

BACKGROUND Bacterial two-component signal transduction regulatory systems are the major set of signalling proteins frequently mediating responses to changes in the environment. They typically consist of a sensor, a membrane-associated histidine kinase and a cytoplasmic response regulator. The membrane-associated sensor detects the environmental signal or stress, whereas the cytoplasmic regulato...

We analyze a basic building block of gene regulatory networks using a stochastic/geometric model in search of a mathematical backing for the discrete modeling frameworks. We consider a network consisting only of two interacting genes: a source gene and a target gene. The target gene is activated by the proteins encoded by the source gene. The interaction is therefore mediated by activator prote...

Aging, as a major risk factor of memory deficiency, affects neural signaling pathways in hippocampus. In particular, age-dependent androgens deficiency causes cognitive impairments. Several enzymes like protein kinase C (PKC) are involved in memory deficiency. Indeed, PKC regulatory process mediates α-secretase activation to cleave APP in β-amyloid cascade and tau proteins phosphorylation mecha...

Gli family zinc finger proteins are mediators of Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling in vertebrates. The question remains unanswered, however, as to how these Gli proteins participate in the Shh signaling pathway. In this study, regulatory activities associated with the Gli2 protein were investigated in relation to the Shh signaling. Although Gli2 acts as a weak transcriptional activator, it is in f...

1 Temmuz 1876’da Sırbistan ve 2 1876 Karadağ Osmanlı Devletine savaş ilan etmiştir. Savaşın başlaması Devleti tebaası tarafından sevinçle karşılanmış halk akın gönüllü yazılmaya başlamıştır. Yurdun her yanından gönüllüler silahlandırılıp belirli kurallar dâhilinde kıtalarına gönderilmiştir. Özellikle Çerkes gönüllüleri savaştaki maharetleri dikkat çekerken istenmeyen davranışlarda da bulunmuşla...

Heterotrimeric G proteins are key players in transmembrane signaling by coupling a huge variety of receptors to channel proteins, enzymes, and other effector molecules. Multiple subforms of G proteins together with receptors, effectors, and various regulatory proteins represent the components of a highly versatile signal transduction system. G protein-mediated signaling is employed by virtually...

Introduction cAMP and cGMP are second messengers that play important roles in intracellular signal transduction of various external stimuli. Major functions of both are the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG), respectively. PKA and PKG are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase superfamily and are involved in the control of vario...

Introduction cAMP and cGMP are second messengers that play important roles in intracellular signal transduction of various external stimuli. Major functions of both are the activation of cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase G (PKG), respectively. PKA and PKG are members of the serine-threonine protein kinase superfamily and are involved in the control of vario...