which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Drug dependence is a chronic and often recurrent disorder which is associated with many problems such as AIDS, hepatitis, etc. This disorder requires treatment management over time. Methadone maintenance therapy is one addiction treatment method which prevents not only the...

Paraquat (PQ) is a well-known herbicide that exerts its effects by elevating intracellular levels of superoxide. It has been previously demonstrated that oxidative and nitrosative stress participate to PQ-induced cell death. Here, we document that PQ increases the levels of nitric oxide (NO) in rat mesencephalic cells and causes nuclear translocation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ...

Synaptophysin (SYP) is a synaptic vesicle membrane protein and involved in the release of neurotransmitters, synaptic plasticity, and formation and recycling of synaptic vesicles. SYP may serve as a specific marker of synaptic proteins. Our results showed high glucose and hypoxia could significantly impair the intelligence and the SYP level was positively related to the degree of intelligence i...

GAPDH is a conserved enzyme that binds diverse proteins, such as Siah during apoptotic nuclear translocation. There is one somatic GAPDH gene, but over 60 pseudogenes, the expression of which is nebulous. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the GAPDHP44 pseudogene exhibits a beneficial allele in AD. The objective of this study was to examine the P44 gene and to propose a mechanism for the...

the genetic variation and population structure of narrow-clawed crayfish (astacus leptodactylus) was examined by means of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis of the cytochrome oxidase subunit i (coi) of mitochondrial dna. a total of 194 adult specimens were collected from seven sample sites including, two in the south caspian sea and one each...

Dmitri Mogilevtsev,1,2 Yong Siah Teo,3 Jaroslav Řeháček,3 Zdeněk Hradil,3 Johannes Tiedau,4 Regina Kruse,4 Georg Harder,4 Christine Silberhorn,4,5 and Luis L. Sánchez-Soto5,6 1Institute of Physics, Belarus National Academy of Sciences, F. Skarina Ave. 68, Minsk 220072 Belarus 2Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, SP, 09210-170 Brazil 3Department of Op...