BACKGROUND Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī, known as Rhazes in the Western world (854-925 CE), was an Iranian polymath, physician and one of the most prominent sages in the medieval period. He wrote several medical books and treaties such as "Continents", a comprehensive medical encyclopedia, treaties in smallpox and measles, "Al-Mansuri" and many other important manuscripts in the medi...

BACKGROUND Market integration (MI), the suite of social and cultural changes that occur with economic development, has been associated with negative health outcomes such as cardiovascular disease; however, key questions remain about how this transition manifests at the local level. AIM The present paper investigates the effects of MI on health among Shuar, an indigenous lowland Ecuadorian pop...

traces of a class of social science and a philosophical interpretation of history could be found in the writings of famous religious and political figures as well as in some of acclaimed poets’ works of islamic era. in this regard, poems of ibn motaz, as a member of abbasid family and because of extensive tribal struggles between abbasids and alavis, are of considerable significance and are con...

the practice and study of medicine in persia has a long and prolific history. the ancient iranian medicine was combined by different medical traditions from mesopotamia, egypt, india, china and greece for more than 4000 years and merged to form what became the nucleus and foundation of medical practice in the european countries in the 13th century. the iranian academic centers like jundishapur ...

BACKGROUND The science of toxicology has a long history and been highly valued in Islamic countries. Numerous scientists were the expert in this field, particularly during the third and fourth centuries. Through reading such literature and gaining the experience of the scientists, one can use such valuable information to promote this science. METHODS In this article, different sources of trad...