This study investigated the effects of rehabilitation of sidewalks on improvement of the pedestrians’ mobility. In order to successfully achieve this, sidewalk characteristics were determined via previous studies, expert elicitation and field studies and seven parameters which are available in Tehran’s sidewalks were chosen. These seven parameters were “Side trees of sidewalks”, “Width of sidew...

A surface topography characterization parameter system based on fractal parameters has been established, and several estimation methods for these have suggested accordingly. Since scale dependence exists in conventional methods, it is necessary to find an method with uniqueness. An ideal multi-scale measurement of polished proposed this study. Polished surfaces two materials, WC-Ni 9Cr18Mo, are...

Several surface topography parameters are available for the quantification of tribological properties machined surfaces. Although these and their influences widely studied, there contradictory findings due to nature parameters, i.e., behavior different materials cutting tool interactions lead relatively varying numerical results. A comprehensive study can contribute more exact industrial machin...

In the food industry microbial contamination of surfaces can result in product spoilage which may lead to potential health problems of the consumer. Surface properties can have a substantial effect on microbial retention. The surface characteristics of chemically different coatings (Cu, Ti, Mo, Ag, Fe) were defined using white light profilometry (micro-topography and surface features), atomic f...

We have previously reported that focal intraspinal N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) iontophoresis in the frog elicits a motor output, which is organized in terms of its constituent isometric force directions at the ipsilateral ankle and its topography. Furthermore, the associated EMG patterns can be reconstructed as the linear combinations of seven muscle synergies, labeled A to G. We now focus on o...

Scale invariance property in the global geometry of Earth may lead to a coupled interactive behaviour between various components of the climate system. One of the most interesting correlations exists between spatial statistics of the global topography and the temperature on Earth. Here we show that the power-law behaviour observed in the Earth topography via different approaches, resembles a sc...

Ungauged headwater basins are an abundant part of the river network, but dominant influences on headwater hydrologic response remain difficult to predict. To address this gap, we investigated the ability of a physically based watershed model (the Distributed Hydrology-Soil-Vegetation Model) to represent controls on metrics of hydrologic partitioning across five adjacent headwater subcatchments....

Despite the lack of evidence, many reports exist which have implied that smokers inhale low-yield cigarette smoke more deeply than that of high-yield cigarettes. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of short-term switching between smoker's own brand and test cigarettes with different smoke yields on puffing topography, respiratory parameters and biomarkers of exposure. Part...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate the effect of cutting teeth with different types of burs at various speeds on surface topography of tooth surface and interfacial gap formation at resin-tooth interface. MATERIAL AND METHODS The human molars were divided into seven groups: Diamond bur in airrotor (DA) & micromotor (DM), crosscut carbide bur in airrotor (CCA) & micromotor (CCM), plain carbide bur in airr...