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Quantitative metallography is a technique to determine and correlate the microstructures of materials with their properties and behavior. Generic commercial image processing and analysis software packages have been used to quantify material phases from metallographic images. However, these all-purpose solutions also have some drawbacks, particularly when applied to segmentation of material phas...

The assessment of creep damage in steels employed in the power generation industry is usually carried out by means of replica metallography, but the several shortcomings of this method have prompted a search for alternative or complementary non-destructive techniques, ranging from ultrasonic to electromagnetic methods, hardness measurements and nuclear techniques. A critical review of the main ...

Under the influence of temperature and stresses, the heat resistant materials react by creeping. Boiler components subjected to creep have a limited lifetime. Creep and material structure evolution are tightly related and according to this rule a number of studies have been performed in order to relate micro structural investigation and service exposure or residual life. The determination of th...

The electron microprobe (EMP) is an electron optical instrument in which compositional and topographic information are obtained from regions ~lban in diameter on a specimen. Photographs of compositional and topographic changes in 1-mm 2 to 20-/din 2 areas on various types of specimens can also be obtained which are strikingly similar to optical photomicrographs. This paper discusses the various...

This article investigates how the growth in income inequality from 1970 to 2000 affected patterns of income segregation along three dimensions: the spatial segregation of poverty and affluence, race-specific patterns of income segregation, and the geographic scale of income segregation. The evidence reveals a robust relationship between income inequality and income segregation, an effect that i...

In many sexually dimorphic mammals, adults tend to form single-sex groups ('social segregation'). It has been assumed that social segregation is simply a by-product of sex differences in habitat use ('habitat segregation'). I tested this assumption on red deer, Cervus elaphus, and feral soay sheep, Ovis aries, using data on group composition, habitat use and space use collected on the Scottish ...

We study workplace segregation in the United States using a unique matched employeremployee data set that we have created. We present measures of workplace segregation by education and language, and by race and ethnicity, and – since skill is often correlated with race and ethnicity – we assess the role of educationand language-related skill differentials in generating workplace segregation by ...