This study assesses research and development needs for direct seawater electrolysis from energy, cost environmental aspects presents a forward-looking perspective on future R&D priorities in desalination technologies.

A microbial desalination cell was developed that contained a stack of membranes packed with ion exchange resins between the membranes to reduce ohmic resistances and improve performance. This new configuration, called a stacked microbial electro-deionization cell (SMEDIC), was compared to a control reactor (SMDC) lacking the resins. The SMEDICþS reactors contained both a spacer and 1.470.2 mL o...

The nuclear plants for desalination to be built in the future will have to meet the standards of safety required for the best nuclear power plants currently in operation or being designed. Some specific characteristics of desalination plants such as siting and coupling require particular consideration from a safety point of view, and further safety studies will be needed when the type and size ...

Water scarcity is becoming a global challenge to attempts narrow the water demand–supply gap. To overcome this problem, it sensible consider alternative technologies that can exploit non-conventional resources. The choice of such should be, however, carefully analyzed, because any might be unfeasible from an economic point view. In work, methodology select most appropriate resource, out municip...

Desalination of brackish groundwater (BW) is an effective approach to augment water supply, especially for inland regions that are far from seawater resources. Brackish water reverse osmosis (BWRO) desalination is still subject to intensive energy consumption compared to the theoretical minimum energy demand. Here, we review some of the BWRO plants with various system arrangements. We look at h...

The last chapter elucidated the experimental setup and the factors influencing each unit of the large-scale seawater desalination process, with the reverse osmosis. This chapter deals with subjects such as the modeling of each unit of Sea water reverse osmosis (SWRO), the integration of these models to form an entire plant, and the future direction of the statistical modeling of the SWRO proces...

Ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) are unique in combining the electrochemical properties of ion exchange resins and the permeability of a membrane. They are being used widely to treat industrial effluents, and in seawater and brackish water desalination. Membrane Capacitive Deionisation (MCDI) is an emerging, energy efficient technology for brackish water desalination in which these ion-exchange me...

Abstract Efficient desalination through a reverse osmosis (RO) membrane requires the prior removal of blockade-causing substances from raw seawater. To achieve ultrahigh-speed processing pretreatment process for seawater RO desalination, we combine traditional softening with ballasted flocculation (SBF) Ca 2+ and Mg removal. An alkaline mixture Ca(OH) 2 Na CO 3 was most suitable agent reduced a...

Typically, the shortage of freshwater will limit social and economic development island regions. As a non-conventional, high-quality water source, desalinated seawater can be incorporated into urban supply system. The genotoxicity disinfection by-products in drinking was always viewed as concern for human health. However, only few studies were conducted based on this issue seawater. In study, c...

The technical potential and effectiveness of different water supply options for securing water availability in a large-scale, interconnected water supply system under historical and climate-change augmented inflow and demand conditions were compared. Part 1 of the study focused on determining the scale of the options required to secure water availability and compared the effectiveness of differ...