The poor quality and effectiveness of much of government expenditure in India makes it important to analyze ways of improving effectiveness through institutional reform. Improvements in outcomes include better targeting of redistributive measures and more efficient spending on productive projects. Four potential areas of institutional reform are: (1) improved functioning of individual ministrie...

Setting students on a path to success in careers in science is a challenge in poor rural Appalachian public schools. Students face many socioeconomic obstacles. Their teachers are also limited by many factors including inadequate facilities, under-funding, geographical isolation of the schools, and state-testing constraints. Additionally, students and teachers lack the availability of outside s...

Proactive economic policies combined with the ICT revolution of the past decade have brought about many changes in managing businesses and organizations in developing countries like India. The prowess achieved through this revolution has also led to exploitation of ICT for better governance and rural development. As a result, several ICT projects have been initiated to foster improved governanc...

China’s agricultural development in recent decades is impressive. Its farmers continue to feed the world’s largest population and China’s crop yields are well above global averages. Yet rural incomes have been stagnating, with wide and growing geographic disparities. Overall, China’s median net per capita rural income is low, estimated at US$317 in 2003. Nevertheless, Chinese agricultural devel...

Generational renewal and the incorporation of women into rural world are fundamental for sustainability modernisation agricultural sector. Hence special government protection granted to sector, which appears in both European legislation on issues global strategy 2030 Agenda Sustainable Rural Development Goals involving a commitment measures aimed at helping young farmers set up holdings especia...

Foreign scholars move to international destinations and enroll in institutions for academic courses of study. The students form a promising niche’ market is the third export earner Australia. Africa endowed with unique geographical features which attract who programs such as; eco-tourism, heritage tourism, rural/farm tourism student exchanges between educational institutions. recognizes as segm...

The red-blue state and urban–rural narratives— which depict that people living in red states and rural areas oppose pro-LGB policies—are popular frames for describing variation in public opinion of LGB policies by geographic region. In a test case of a red state, we examine public opinion of pro-LGB policies to assess the accuracy of the red–blue and urban–rural narratives. Using data from a su...

This paper proposes a simple mechanism aimed to establish positive contributions to public goods in the absence of powerful institutions to sanction free-riders. The idea of the mechanism is to require players to commit to the public good by paying a deposit prior to the contribution stage. If all players commit in this way, those players who do not contribute their share to the public good for...

public participation from viewpoint of experts is that much valuable that sometimes becomes equal to development or the means or purpose of development. participation as a social reality and essence of human societies has deeply existed historically in human social life and is among the processes that have been changed into multi-forms by lapse of time. from the past times countrymen have had n...