1. Three experiments were conducted to determine the flow of nitrogen through the rumen and abomasum when cows, steers and lambs were totally nourished on volatile fatty acids infused into the rumen. 2. In two dairy cows (650-700 kg) and two large steers (370-405 kg) the daily flow of non-ammonia-N (NAN) from the rumen was 50.7 and 58 mg/kg live weight (W)0.75 respectively. 3. The flows of NAN ...

Rumen is a persistent and specific ecosystem consists of bacteria, protozoa and fungus where feed fermentation takes place in it. Produced Hydrogen in rumen can be used in the synthesis of the volatile fatty acids and the microbial protein and its excess would be eliminated through the production of Methane by methanogenesis. Nutritionists have tried to find ways to decrease loss and energy and...

Anaerobic fungi inhabit the rumen and actively degrade plant cell walls. Rumen fungi produce high levels of cellulases and hemicellulases and are particularly proficient in producing xylanases. These enzymes are regulated by substrate (especially soluble sugars) available to the organisms. Fungi degrade unlignified (i.e., no histochemical reaction for phenolics) plant walls totally, indicating ...

The primary growth of lucerne (Medicago sativa) was ensiled after treatment with either formic acid alone (4.1 litres/t; silage F) or with formic acid and either formaldehyde (30.5 g/kg crude protein (nitrogen X 6.25; CP); silage FF), glutaraldehyde (44.2 g/kg CP; silage FG) or a mixture of the two aldehydes at approximately half their individual application rates (silage FFG). Compared with fo...

1. Fistulated sheep given a concentrate diet were used to study the behaviour of solute ([51Cr]EDTA) and particle ([103Ru]phenanthroline) markers in the stomach under conditions of continuous feeding. 2. An injection of a mixed dose of [51Cr]EDTA and [103Ru]phenanthroline was given into the rumen and the time course of marker concentrations in the rumen and the abomasum was recorded. The curves...

During the past few years several investigators have reported the isolation of lactobacilli or lactobacilli-like organisms from the rumen liquor of cattle and sheep. Gall and Huhtanen (1951) isolated several gram positive, nonsporeforming rods from rumen fluid which produced lactic acid from glucose, but they were not further identified. Some lactobacilli found by Rodwell (1953) in a sheep's ru...

Plasmids are self-replicating genetic elements capable of mobilization between different hosts. Plasmids often serve as mediators of lateral gene transfer, a process considered to be a strong and sculpting evolutionary force in microbial environments. Our aim was to characterize the overall plasmid population in the environment of the bovine rumen, which houses a complex and dense microbiota th...

Proteins and peptides were acetylated using acetic anhydride in order to block their N-terminal amino groups and thereby to prevent their hydrolysis by rumen microbial aminopeptidases. The effects of acetylation on peptide breakdown and ammonia production were determined by incubating unmodified and acetylated substrates with sheep rumen micro-organisms in vitro. Ammonia production from casein ...

Ruminal protein degradation of soybean meal and field pea were compared using 2 analytical methods: in situ and a laboratory analysis with a proteolytic enzyme extracted from Streptomyces griseus. The degradation of total nitrogen in nylon bags of the feeds was measured between 0 and 48 h in the rumen of 2 cows (theoretical degradability: 70.0% for soybean meal and 94.7% for field pea). Electro...

1. The rate of transfer of plasma urea-nitrogen to rumen ammonia was measured by infusion of 15NH4Cl and [15N]urea into sheep given brome grass (Bromus inermis) or lucerne (Medicago sativa) pellets. Urea was infused into the rumen or abomasum of two sheep given brome grass in order to increase the concentration of rumen ammonia. 2. From 6.2 to 9.8 g/d of plasma urea-N were transferred to the ru...