Providing secure routing in MANET environment is a difficult task due to its distinct nature. In MANET, routing protocols are designed to cope with the network operations but in nature they are affecting by both internal and external attacks. Black hole attack is one kind of internal attack that affects routing operation by retaining all incoming packets. This type of attack is very hard to pre...

Delay Tolerant Networks (DTNs) often suffer from intermittent disruption due to factors such as mobility and energy. Though lots of routing algorithms in DTNs have been proposed in the last few years, the routing security problems have not attracted enough attention. DTNs are still facing the threats from different kinds of routing attacks. In this paper, a general purpose defense mechanism is ...

A Mobile Ad-Hoc Network is a collection of mobile nodes that are dynamically and arbitrarily located in such a manner that the interconnections between nodes are capable of changing on continual basis. Due to security vulnerabilities of the routing protocols, wireless ad-hoc networks are unprotected to attacks of the malicious nodes. Virtual Infrastructure achieves reliable transmission in Mobi...