European and US guidelines for renal anaemia management recommend subcutaneous (s.c.) epoetin as the preferred route of administration in pre-dialysis, peritoneal dialysis and haemodialysis patients. However, the restriction of Eprex/Erypro to intravenous (i.v.) administration in Europe has increased the interest of health care professionals regarding the optimal route of administration for all...

bitis can progress very rapidly— often in a matter of hours—and even with appropriate surgical and antibiotic treatment, it can be fatal or result in serious complications. Escardo et al reported a case of orbital cellulitis caused by F necrophorum that required 3 urgent surgical interventions and 30 days of intravenous antibiotic treatment. Despite this intensive treatment, the patient’s visio...

the cyclical economic downturn in the united states has forced many extension administrators to rethink and adjust services and programming. the cooperative extension system (ces), the organization primarily responsible for governmental extension work in the united states, at iowa state university responded to this economic downturn by restructuring its organization from county based to a regio...

Although the optimal route of administration of opioids is by mouth, some patients may require alternative routes during the course of their illnesses for several reasons. These include bowel obstruction, severe emesis, or severe dysphagia. In these cases, the alternatives include the subcutaneous or rectal route. The transdermal route also provides a simple, comfortable method that produces st...

Background. The route of Epoetin alfa (EPO) administration has become a controversial issue in recent years. Despite the National Kidney Foundation Dialysis Outcomes Quality Initiative (NKF-DOQI) guidelines recommending subcutaneous (SC) EPO for all dialysis patients, only 12% of hemodialysis patients in the U.S. receive EPO by the SC route. Methods. A telephone survey was undertaken to gather ...

pioglitazone belongs to the thiazolidinedione (tzd) class of antidiabetic agents, with proven efficacy in increasing insulin sensitivity and in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in humans. pioglitazone has been proposed as a potential feed additive to reduce insulin resistance and consequently some of the metabolic disorders in transition cows. this study was aimed at determining the...

OBJECTIVE To identify an effective misoprostol-only regimen for termination of pregnancy between 12 and 20 weeks of gestation, a prospective randomized study comparing sublingual, vaginal, and oral routes of administration of misoprostol was done. METHODS One hundred and fifty women (12-20 weeks gestation) were randomly divided into three groups and given 400 mcg misoprostol sublingually, vag...

Most physical complications related to opiate use are associated with the route of drug administration. The route of administration in opiate dependent patients may change overtime Change from non-parenteral to parenteral route of administration is more common than the reverse transition. In the current study, 17 patients of opiate dependence syndrome (DSM-IV) who had history of reverse transit...