We studied electromigration (EM) lifetimes and void growth at low cumulative failure probability. We carried out EM test in damascene Cu lines using sudden-death type test structures. Its cumulative failure probability ranges from 0.005 to 90%. To investigate the void growth behaviour, Cu microstructures was investigated. EM lifetime shows correlation with the void nucleation site and the void ...

Antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of fifty one extracts of different parts of 14 plants were studied. Ethanol, methanol, aqueous, butanol, and n-hexane extracts were tested against three gram negative, two gram positive bacteria, and two fungi. Cytotoxicity and phytochemical screening were determined using MTT and TLC assays, respectively. Of the fifty one extracts, twenty two showed acti...

This paper explores the use of Topic Maps to represent Learning Objects (LOs) in ROSA (Repository of Objects with Semantic Access for eLearning). ROSA is an e-learning system, which enables the creation, storage, reuse and management of LOs. A LO, characterized by a set of metadata descriptors, is a collection of reusable material used to support learning, i.e., an entity that can be digital or...

Pine wilt disease (PWD), a destructive disease for pine trees, is caused by the pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus and additional bacteria. In this study, extracts of Zostera marina showed a high nematicidal activity against PWN and some of the bacteria that it carries. Light yellow crystals were obtained from extracts of Z. marina through solvent extraction, followed by chrom...

A study was conducted to observe the effects of two hormones viz., Indole Butyric Acid (IBA) and Seradix-A on growth and rooting percentage of Rosa bourboniana cuttings. Experiment was laid out according to Randomized Complete Block Design and there were four treatments, replicated four times. In the second experiment two Rosa species i.e. Rosa bourboniana and Gruss an teplitz were selected as ...