Modern democracy is defined by the principle of political representation. Decisions are justified by pointing to the representative character of the actors and institutions involved in the policy-making process. Over a period of three centuries, beginning in the 18 century various models of modern representative systems developed differing in the locus of sovereignty, the authorisation of repre...

UNLABELLED Sertoli cell (SC) number determines testes size and their capacity to produce spermatozoa. In the rat SC proliferate until 15th postnatal day (PND). Their proliferation is stimulated by FSH and inhibited by estradiol, but the role for androgens is uncertain. In this study we analyzed the effects of testosterone administration on testes growth and SC number in relation to timing of th...

The influenceofpolygenismover twentieth-centurymedicineand racial sciencehasbeenan underdeveloped area of study. During the period referred to by historians as the ‘eclipse of Darwinism’, assumptions about separate human ancestry often structured debates across the USA over whether racial heredity was responsible for ‘innate dispositions’ toward certain diseases. This article explores how polyg...

The recorded history of rabies goes back to 2300 BC, when a dog owner in ancient Babylon was charged for a death caused by a dog bite. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Democritus, Aristotle and Celsus as well as the prominent physician Galen, had warned people of the dangers associated with the bite of a mad dog, showing that the infectivity of the animal was suspected some 2000 years ago. Ho...

The paper deals with the embryological teaching of Empedocles, ancient Greek philosopher from Acragas, who lived in 5th century BC. article is focused on mechanisms by which children inherit their parents’ features doctrine Empedocles. available fragments and evidence teachings early philosophers often provide distorted sometimes contradictory information. This attempts to carefully analyze all...

Culprit cells and molecules in the hot plaque Göran Hansson 11 nflammare: to set on fire. It was around the time of the birth of Christ that the Roman physician Celsus proposed his four cardinal signs of inflammation: redness, swelling, heat and pain. Two centuries later the Greek physician Galen promoted the concept of “laudable pus”, to express his humoral view of inflammation as a beneficial...

In this study we apply an evidence-based approach to model demographic fluctuations and their corresponding impact on land use during the Roman and early-medieval periods in the Rhine-Meuse delta in the present-day Netherlands. Past population numbers are reconstructed based on Roman and early-medieval settlement patterns. Corresponding impacts of these demographic fluctuations on potential lan...

Estimating global fluxes of precious metals is key to understanding early monetary systems. This work adds silver (Ag) to the metals (Pb and Cu) used so far to trace the provenance of coinage through variations in isotopic abundances. Silver, copper, and lead isotopes were measured in 91 coins from the East Mediterranean Antiquity and Roman world, medieval western Europe, 16th-18th century Spai...