Degenerative retinal diseases affect millions of people worldwide, which can lead to the loss of vision. However, therapeutic approaches that can reverse this process are limited. Recent efforts have allowed the possibility of the stem cell-based regeneration of retinal cells and repair of injured retinal tissues. Although the direct differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into terminally dif...

Congenital vascular anomalies of the retina are rare, but they should be evaluated with a multidisciplinary approach because can associated systemic diseases and cause severe vision loss. This article aimed to review literature about retinal tortuosity, macrovessel, congenital folds, combined hamartoma.

Retinal degenerative diseases that progress through loss of photoreceptors initiate a sequence of events that culminates in negative remodelling of the retina. Initially, photoreceptor loss ablates glutamatergic signalling to the neural retina and eliminates coordinate Ca++-coupled homeostatic signalling. Retinal neurons react to this loss of glutamatergic input through retinal rewiring and mig...

Retinal vasculitis is a poorly characterized, potentially sight-threatening, inflammatory ocular condition that occurs when there is the presence of abnormal blood vessels in the retina. The annual incidence of retinal vasculitis in the United States is estimated at 1-2 per 100,000 with variation between regions. Because it is not well understood, the definition of “retinal vasculitis” is not w...

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a redox-sensitive transcription factor that binds to antioxidant response elements located in the promoter region of genes encoding many antioxidant enzymes and phase II detoxifying enzymes. Activation of Nrf2 functions is one of the critical defensive mechanisms against oxidative stress in many species. The retina is constantly exposed to r...

PURPOSE To describe the findings of the study of autofluorescence of the different retinal diseases included in the study. To determine in which diseases autofluorescence may be more, or just as, useful as fluorescein angiography (FAG) in terms of diagnostic information. MATERIAL AND METHODS We studied the retinal autofluorescence of 123 eyes of 93 patients, including various diseases of the ...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Retinal degenerative diseases have immense socio-economic impact. Studying animal models that recapitulate human eye pathologies aids in understanding the pathogenesis of diseases and allows for the discovery of novel therapeutic strategies. Some non-mammalian species are known to have remarkable regenerative abilities and may provide the basis to develop strategies to stimula...

Idiopathic retinal vasculitis, aneurysm, and neuroretinitis (IRVAN) syndrome, pigmented paravenous chorioretinal atrophy (PPCRA) are rare clinical manifestations of unknown etiology. In recent years, with the widespread use multimodal imaging methods in diseases, information about pathogenesis course these diseases has increased. PPCRA is often detected incidentally asymptomatic, whereas IRVAN,...

Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in developing and accelerating retinal diseases including age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy (DR), and retinal vein occlusion (RVO). An excess amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) can lead to functional and morphological impairments in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), endothelial cells, and retinal ganglion cells (RGC...