The reticulate pattern is probably one of the most important dermatological signs that signifies the involvement of the underlying vascular networks and the cutaneous vasculature. It is seen in benign forms of livedo reticularis and in more sinister conditions such as Sneddon’s syndrome. There is considerable confusion in the literature with different authors having utilised a variety of terms ...

OBJECTIVE Passive smoking leads to melanin pigmentation on gingiva. However, documentation of gingival pigmentation and salivary amylase activity in passive smokers relative to the duration of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS), is incomplete and requires further investigation. Thus, this study aimed to assess effects of ETS exposure on gingival pigmentation in young adults. In addit...

In the present study, seed surface ornamentations in 31 species (34 populations) and the capsule surface sculpturing in five species of the genus Scrophularia L. distributed in Iran were examined using Scanning Electronic Microscopy. Based on the published seed surface terminologies, all examined seeds show the reticulate pattern with scalariform inner ornamentations. However, there is enough b...

A reticulogram is a general network capable of representing a reticulate evolutionary structure. It is particularly useful for portraying relationships among organisms that may be related in a nonunique way to their common ancestor - relationships that cannot be represented by a dendrogram or a phylogenetic tree. We propose a new method for constructing reticulograms that represent a given dist...

OBJECTIVE This study investigated whether some components of the extracellular matrix and CD68 expression may drive the differences between the central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) of the jaws and giant cell tumor (GCT) of long bones, which present distinct evolution and clinical behavior. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eight cases of CGCG and 7 cases of GCT were selected and immunohistochemically analy...

The chlamydiae are obligate intracellular bacteria that occupy a non-acidified vacuole (the inclusion) during their entire developmental cycle. These bacteria produce a set of proteins (Inc proteins) that localize to the surface of the inclusion within infected cells. Chlamydia trachomatis IncA is also commonly found in long fibers that extend away from the inclusion. We used standard and confo...

Phylogenetic networks aim to represent the evolutionary history of taxa. Within these, reticulate networks are explicitly able to accommodate evolutionary events like recombination, hybridization, or lateral gene transfer. Although several metrics exist to compare phylogenetic networks, they make several assumptions regarding the nature of the networks that are not likely to be fulfilled by the...

Transfer cells are characterized by wall labyrinths with either a flange or reticulate architecture. A literature survey established that reticulate wall ingrowth papillae ubiquitously arise from a modified component of their wall labyrinth, termed the uniform wall layer; a structure absent from flange transfer cells. This finding sparked an investigation of the deposition characteristics and r...