Stepwise refinement in system-level design corresponds to restructuring an internal structure of a system while preserving functions of the system. We are aiming to build the restructuring process based on refactoring techniques. In this paper, we describe a restructuring procedure to obtain a concrete specification description from an abstract one. Moreover, we describe some existing refactori...

An intonational domain corresponds to the part of an utterance spanned by one intonation contour. We lay out a theory of intonational domains that is rooted in intonational (autosegmental) phonology and prosodic phonology. We focus on restructuring—the process that joins two intonational domains together to form a single domain. We report on a perception experiment about restructuring involving...

Just as in bottom-up splaying, the idea is to follow each access by a restructuring of the search tree along the path from the accessed item to the root of the tree. The restructuring is done in a local fashion, i.e., without using information about the global structure of the tree. We call the restructuring algorithm the super̈ isor; it operates with a set of rules called the ruleset. Each unit...

We test the hypothesis whether gradual privatization with a soft credit constraint to enterprises with state ownership (ESOs) implies slow restructuring. The transition economics literature does not study restructuring and financial constraints to investment jointly. We provide such an analysis using a panel of Latvian firms in the years 1993-1997. We find that firms have been downsizing their ...

Program restructuring or refactoring is often required when a function becomes too large or is involved in multiple activities and therefore exhibits low cohesion. A critical factor in restructuring is to increase cohesion and decrease coupling. There are many existing methods which measure cohesion and coupling but do not provide much information as to how to restructure the program, while som...

While restructuring is a matter of great concern to many workers and enterprises and is high on the EU policy agenda, there are few hard facts on the extent of jobs actually lost and gained in this process. This report explains how the employment effects of restructuring should be measured, the extent to which this is feasible in Europe today and concrete proposals on how to improve knowledge a...

In the present article, we articulate three assumptions underlying theories proposing that restructuring processes play a key role in insightful problem solving: representational difficulty, representational change, and discontinuity in solution processes. We argue that these assumptions need empirical validation to justify the proposition of restructuring mechanisms that are unique from those ...

There have been about 190 debt exchanges since 1950. Is this too many or too few? Have countries restructured debts in a timely manner or have they delayed too much? Have delays been costly, are they avoidable? What has led countries to these difficult decisions? What have been the costs and what have been the benefits of debt restructuring? As the majority of cases have not led to protracted l...

Geographers have recently sought to understand countryside change by examining economic restructuring and its impact on local social coherences. However, despite renewed interest in the locale, many investigations of the rural economy have been at a macro-scale. It is argued that this broad brush approach has neglected many important aspects of rural restructuring and, in particular, social and...