The volumes of distribution of a number of substances of widely varying molecular size and chemical properties, including sulfate, thiosulfate, mannitol, sucrose, and inulin, have been found to represent 15 to 25 per cent of body weight of man, dog, and other mammals. The apparently equal volumes of distribution of these dissimilar substances has suggested that the distribution of each of these...

The centrifuge is widely used in clinical laboratories for the separation of components. For example in laboratories performing biochemical analyses on body fluids it is routinely used to separate blood cells from plasma, to separate sediment from urine, to measure the volume fraction of erythrocytes in blood (the haematocrit), and to separate bound from free components in protein binding and i...

BACKGROUND Fasting before general anaesthesia aims to reduce the volume and acidity of stomach contents during surgery, thus reducing the risk of regurgitation/aspiration. Recent guidelines have recommended a shift in fasting policy from the standard 'nil by mouth from midnight' approach to more relaxed policies which permit a period of restricted fluid intake up to a few hours before surgery. ...

N A RECENT study it was reported by GreenI berg ef al. (I) that the volume of distribution of creatinine in the dog was of the order of 40-60% of the body weight (average 48.5 % ; range 37.9-59.7 %). This estimate was made by dividing the equilibrium concentration of exogenous creatinine in the plasma at the end of a constant infusion into the exogenous creatinine balance in the body fluids. Th...

Sheep fully exposed to Mediterranean summer conditions had a higher respiration rate and a higher body temperature than sheep with access to shade. Nevertheless, feed intake and water intake of non-sheltered animals was not different from that of sheltered ones and both maintained their body weight on medium quality hay. Apparent digestibility of organic matter was higher in the non-sheltered a...

Pulmonary diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), regional electrical impedance (Z0), and the distribution of technetium-99m-labeled erythrocytes together with concentration of plasma atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) were determined before and after a 6-min "all-out" row in nine oarsmen and in six control subjects. Two and one-half hours after exercise in the upright seated position, DLC...

OBJECTIVES To evaluate placental volume and vascular indices in pregnancies with severe fetal growth restriction and determine their correlations to normal reference ranges and Doppler velocimetry results of uterine and umbilical arteries. METHODS Twenty-seven fetuses with estimated weights below the 3rd percentile for gestational age were evaluated. Placental volume and vascular indices, inc...

The dielectric breakdown characteristics of magnetic fluids can be influenced by the magnetic nanoparticles included because their properties should be affected by the applied electric field. Based on measuring the dielectric breakdown voltage of magnetic fluids, we found that it is higher than that of the pure transformer oil in the case of the specific volume concentrations of magnetic nanopa...

OBJECTIVE This study evaluates whether emergency department septic shock patients without a fever (reported or measured) receive less IV fluids, have decreased antibiotic administration, and suffer increased in-hospital mortality. DESIGN This was a secondary analysis of a prospective, observational study of patients with shock. SETTING The study was conducted in an urban, academic emergency...

Although classical density functional theory provides reliable predictions for the static properties of simple equilibrium fluids under confinement, a theory of comparative accuracy for the transport coefficients has yet to emerge. Nonetheless, there is evidence that knowledge of how confinement modifies static behavior can aid in forecasting dynamics. Specifically, recent molecular simulation ...