revealed that over 90% of cases in Stages II, III, and IV involved lymph node chains that could be considered contiguous by the criterion of direct lymphatic communi cation. A similar pattern was also seen in cases in which posttreatment extensions occurred. It was found that specific patterns of spread were involved in certain seemingly noncontiguous distributions, and the therapeutic implicat...

Recent research has demonstrated that participants often learn a surprising number of word-referent pairings solely from their co-occurrence statistics across individually ambiguous trials. To isolate processes, past designs prevented the same pairing from appearing in two consecutive trials. Yet such temporal contiguity often appears in real world settings, and seems likely to improve learning...

Nearly every theory of causal induction assumes that the existence and strength of causal relations needs to be inferred from observational data in the form of covariations. The last few decades have seen much controversy over exactly how covariations license causal conjectures. One consequence of this debate is that causal induction research has taken for granted that covariation information i...

Meaningfulness of the relevant (MR) and irrelevant (MI) syllables and contiguity of the relevant syllables were manipulated in a task analogous to concept formation. Stimuli consisted of two nonsense syllables with one being relevant, in that it was consistently paired with a number response, and the other being irrelevant, in that it appeared equally often with each number response. MR was var...

[1] The microstructure of partially molten rocks plays a key role in determining their physical properties. The area fraction of intergranular contact, contiguity, governs the establishment of a skeletal framework of solid grains and controls the effective elastic moduli of the aggregate. This work presents a theoretical calculation of steady state grain shape, contiguity, effective elastic mod...

Next-Generation-Sequencing is advantageous because of its much higher data throughput and much lower cost compared with the traditional Sanger method. However, NGS reads are shorter than Sanger reads, making de novo genome assembly very challenging. Because genome assembly is essential for all downstream biological studies, great efforts have been made to enhance the completeness of genome asse...

Abstract This article considers NP complexity and discontinuity in the Papuan language Coastal Marind. First, I give an overview of structure language, which is characterized by extremely limited possibility elaboration modification. connect this to observation that languages are exceptionally simple structures. The lack research makes it difficult evaluate significance such observations, but s...