Comparative advantage based on resource endowments cannot explain United States (U.S.) leadership in biotechnology. Sources of heterogeneity within the process of research and development (R&D) investment, such as international differences in the maximum per-period rate of investment and regulatory uncertainty, offer a plausible explanation that can be incorporated into a real options approach ...

The concept of mutual responsiveness is currently based on little empirical data in the literature of Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). This paper explores RRI's idea of mutual responsiveness in the light of recent RRI case studies on private sector research and development (R&D). In RRI, responsible innovation is understood as a joint endeavour of innovators and societal stakeholders,...

The present study compares the performance creation behavior between for-profit institutions and not-for-profit institutions within a national technology innovation research and development (R&D) program. Based on the stepwise performance creation chain structure of typical R&D logic models, a series of successive binary logistic regression models is newly proposed. Using the models, a sample o...

The ‘nanotechnology’ concept first captured the world’s attention when the Nobel Prize winner Richard Feynman advocated the possibility of widespread nanotechnology research by delivering his famous speech, “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” just half a century ago. The emerging nanotechnology field comprises one of the fastestgrowing research and development (R&D) areas in the world (Natio...

Empirical analysis of firm-level investment in research and development (R&D) and its effect on innovation patterns and productivity has advanced as a result of innovation surveys in many countries. The weak link in the analysis of these surveys is the empirical model of firm R&D choice. In this paper we summarize how a dynamic, structural model of firm investment can be used to estimate firm d...

Better estimates of changes in the level and structure of national, regional, and global expenditures on health research and development (R&D) are needed as an important source of information for advancing countries' health research policies. However, such estimates are difficult to compile and comparison between countries needs careful calibration. We outline the steps that need to be taken to...