In a highly interconnected world, immunizing infections are a transboundary problem, and their control and elimination require international cooperation and coordination. In the absence of a global or regional body that can impose a universal vaccination strategy, each individual country sets its own strategy. Mobility of populations across borders can promote free-riding, because a country can...

the current status and quality of urban and regional development has been criticized by many academics and professionals in different fields. at city centers in addition to traffic congestion, population growth, urban and regional sprawl and suburbanization have resulted in unsustainable conditions in many cities all around the world. in this regard, different aspects of urban form, especially ...

This paper derives several Lagrange Multiplier tests for the panel data regression model wih spatial error correlation. These tests draw upon two strands of earlier work. The Þrst is the LM tests for the spatial error correlation model discussed in Anselin (1988, 1999) and Anselin, Bera, Florax and Yoon (1996), and the second is the LM tests for the error component panel data model discussed in...

one of the important issues in the middle east country is trying to establish or revive nuclear program over the past few years. this subject can have peaceful or military dimension & components of power and security can be affected. the regional country insisted on its being non-nuclear by 2006. but from this time, gradually altered the traditional approach of these countries on the nuclear is...

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Convergence hypothesis is one of the results of neoclassical growth model, which has been examined recently. This hypothesis has two forms of absolute and conditional Beta-convergence and implies that regions with lower per capita output have higher per capita growth rates. Since there is no data for regional GDP in Iran, there has been n study to test convergence hypothesis in Iran. Our main c...