Livestock manures contain numerous microorganisms which can infect humans and/or animals, such as Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., and Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Mycobacterium paratuberculosis). The effects of commonly used manure treatments on the persistence of these pathogens have rarely been compared. The objective of this study was to com...

Packaging waste accounted for 78.81 million tons or 31.6% of the total municipal solid waste (MSW) in 2003 in the USA, 56.3 million tons or 25% of the MSW in 2005 in Europe, and 3.3 million tons or 10% of the MSW in 2004 in Australia. Currently, in the USA the dominant method of packaging waste disposal is landfill, followed by recycling, incineration, and composting. Since landfill occupies va...

R efuse is collected all around the world. The following collecting methods are mentioned in the literature: bags (plastic and paper), bins (110–150 l), drums (110–210 l), twowheeled containers (80–360 l), and four-wheeled containers (300–1800 l). Over all, the job of a refuse collector can be characterised by frequent lifting, carrying, pushing, and/or pulling of heavy objects. In the Netherla...

conclusions the produced compost in this study was mature and ready for use as an agricultural substrate or soil conditioner after 80 days of composting. results the results showed that the c/n ratio decreased during the composting process (reached to 15.6) due to the loss of carbon and the increase in nitrogen content per unit material; also, the nh4+/no3 ratio decreased with increase in the t...

In the endeavour of avoiding presence of biodegradable waste in landfills and increasing recycling, mechanical-biological treatment (MBT) plants have seen a significant increase in number and capacity in the last two decades. The aim of these plants is separating and stabilizing the quickly biodegradable fraction of the waste as well as recovering recyclables from mixed waste streams. In this s...

background: composting as a waste management technology is becoming more widespread. the purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility and to find the most effective composting process for the ratio of green waste, digested and dewatered sludge from chonibieh wastewater treatment plant in the west region of ahvaz. methods: the composting time was 23 days and the evaluated parameters in th...

Food waste which accounts for approximately 30 percent of urban garbage was collected from selected cities of Korea and treated with EM in household recycling and demonstration programs. The quantity of garbage was reduced significantly with no malodors commonly associated with refuse fermentation. The fermented food waste can be used beneficially as an organic fertilizer for crop production. T...

Background Compost habitats sustain a vast ensemble of microbes that engender the degradation of cellulose, which is an important part of global carbon cycle. β-Glucosidase is the rate-limiting enzyme of degradation of cellulose. Thus, analysis of regulation of β-glucosidase gene expression in composting is beneficial to a better understanding of cellulose degradation mechanism. Genetic diversi...

Composting has traditionally been used as a form of slow rotting of farm-yard manures and vegetative wastes with the resultant humus product useful in agriculture (Balfour; Howard; Wistinghausen & Sattler). However, renewed interest and modern engineering involvement has resulted in an essentially new composting image emphasizing significant technological inputs (Hoitink & Keener, Biocycle; Ryn...