Refusal is one of the most complicated challenges for hearer, as a face-threatening act, which influenced by social factors such gender. Thus, main purpose study to investigate role gender on speech acts refusal comparing performance English foreign language (EFL) learners and second (ESL) learners, males females. EFL ESL students’ data were collected using an online written Discourse Completio...

In this article, I show how item response models can be used to capture multiple response processes in psychological applications. Intuitive and analytical responses, agree-disagree answers, response refusals, socially desirable responding, differential item functioning, and choices among multiple options are considered. In each of these cases, I show that the response processes can be measured...

Study sample Power calculations were conducted in the preliminary phase of the study. These suggested that a sample of 1,800 individuals would be required to obtain a prevalence ratio of 1.6 with 80% power and a 5% alpha error for presentations ranging from 25 to 75%. An additional 10% of patients were enrolled to account for potential refusals, and a further 15% to ensure sufficient power for ...

This paper addresses a current issue in environmental valuation, namely, the extent to which environmental preferences depart from the usual economic paradigm to incorporate some lexicographic elements. After a theoretical discussion the paper reviews attempts to explore this question empirically by supplementing contingent valuation analyses with an exploration of the motives behind willingnes...

This paper explores a unification of the ideas of Concurrent Separation Logic with those of Communicating Sequential Processes. It extends separation logic by an operator for separation in time as well as separation in space. It extends CSP in the direction of the pi-calculus: dynamic change of alphabet is achieved by communication of channel names. Separation is exploited to ensure that each c...