This paper presents a new structure for a six-port reflectometer which due to its simplicity can be implemented very easily in monolithic microwave integrated-circuit (MMIC) technology. It uses nonmatched diode detectors with a high input impedance which are placed around a phase shifter in conjunction with a power divider for the reference detector. The circuit has been fabricated using the F2...

This tutorial paper reviews the state of knowledge of on-chip ESD (electrostatic discharging) protection circuit design for integrated circuits. The discussion covers critical issues in ESD design, such as, ESD test models, ESD failure mechanism, ESD protection structures, ESD device modeling, ESD simulation, ESD layout issues, and ESD influences on circuit functionality, etc. This review serve...

A Delay (D) flip-flop is an edge triggering device. A high speed, low power consumption, positive edge triggered conventional Delay (D) flip-flop can be designed for increasing the speed of counter in Phase locked loop, using 32nm CMOS technology. The conventional D flip-flop has higher operating frequencies but it features static power dissipation. The designed counter can be used in the divid...

In this paper a scheme is proposed for generating a programmable current reference which can be implemented in the CMOS technology. The current can be varied over a wide range by changing an external voltage applied to one of the control gates of FGMOS (Floating Gate MOSFET). For a range of supply voltages and temperature, CMOS current reference is found to be dependent, this dependence is comp...

floorplanning is an important step in physical design of vlsi circuits. it is used to plan the positions of a set of circuit modules on a chip in order to optimize the circuit performance. however, modern floorplanning takes better care of providing extra options to place dedicated modules in the hierarchical designs to align circuit blocks one by one within certain bounding box for helping seq...

A proposed under-voltage lockout of compensated temperature coefficient threshold voltage without comparator is presented in this paper. The circuit achieves stability of threshold voltage without utilizing extra band gap reference voltage source and voltage comparator. In the temperature range of from -40°C to +125°C, variation of only 30mV of the threshold voltage occurs. The under-voltage lo...

The electromagnetic induction associated with periods of changing current in a stationary circuit is discussed with particular reference to the presence and the fundamental role of electric fields in this situation. R h m e Le sujet de cet article est l'induction 6lectromagnCtique observee pendant le temps de montke d'un courant dans un circuit stationnaire, avec l'accent sur la prCsence et le ...

Current-mode CMOS implementations of a membership function circuit, min-max operators, and a defuzzifier circuit are proposed in this paper. The programmability of the proposed Gaussian-type function fuzzifier is achieved by varying the gate reference voltages and the sizes of transistors in the differential pairs. A closed-loop control scheme is employed between the fuzzifier and defuzzifier b...

This paper proposes a direct capacitance-to-digital converter (CDC) for biotelemetry applications. The proposed circuit is based on a charge redistribution technique using a capacitive sensor and a ranging capacitor array. The circuit does not require accurate reference voltages, so it is robust for fluctuation of supply voltage. Output-code range can be dynamically zoomed in arbitrary capacita...

in conventional direct torque control (dtc), the stator flux is usually kept constant by controlling the x-axis component of the stator voltage in the stator flux reference frame. the torque is then controlled by the y-axis component of stator voltage. in this scenario, the stator current does not exceed its permissible value. however, in the so-called optimal efficiency mode, the induction mot...