Aspects of the immunological relationship between mother and conceptus still remain a mystery, although the recent advances in molecular biology have enlightened some of the parameters that participate in feto-maternal cross-talk during implantation. The atypical expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the specific roles of some hormones and cytokines, as well as the temporal and ...

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is recognized when transferred embryos fail to implant following repeated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles [1]. RIF is commonly defined as the failure of implantation after three or more consecutive IVF attempts, with which 1-2 high-grade embryos were transferred in each cycle [2]. Cytotrophoblast invasion to the proper depth of the uterus secures proper ...

Recurrent implantation failure (RIF) is recognized when transferred embryos fail to implant following repeated in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles [1]. RIF is commonly defined as the failure of implantation after three or more consecutive IVF attempts, with which 1-2 high-grade embryos were transferred in each cycle [2]. Cytotrophoblast invasion to the proper depth of the uterus secures proper ...

BACKGROUND Mechanisms underlying early reproductive loss in the human are beginning to be elucidated. The migratory and invasive capacity of human endometrial stromal cells (ESCs) is increasingly recognized to contribute to the intense tissue remodelling associated with embryo implantation, trophoblast invasion and endometrial regeneration. In this review, we examine the signals and mechanisms ...

Embryo implantation requires that the blastocyst will attach during the receptive stage of the endometrium, known as window of implantation (WOI). Historically, it has been assumed that the WOI is always constant in all women. However, molecular analyses of endometrial receptivity demonstrates a personalized WOI (pWOI) that is displaced in one out of four patients suffering from recurrent impla...

BACKGROUND The latest studies reported that local endometrial injury is a useful method to improve the success of IVF-ICSI outcome. OBJECTIVE To assess whether local endometrial injury occurred by Pipelle in the spontaneous cycle could improve implantation rate, cleavage rate, and pregnancy outcome in the subsequent IVF-ICSI cycle in patients who had recurrent IVF failure. MATERIALS AND MET...