Insomnia and anxiety are worldwide medical problems. Plant extracts possessed sedative anxiolytic effect via different mechanisms included interactions with Na+ channels, γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors chatecholamines. In the current review, Web Science, PubMed, Scopus Science Direct, were searched to investigate plants effects

Introduction: Fennel is rich in phytoestrogens and is used for estrogen deficiency disorders. Estrogens affect anxiety through neurochemical systems such as GABA-A receptors. In this study the effects of fennel on GABA-A and estrogen receptors in anxiety were investigated. Methods: Adult female Wistar rats weighing (180±20 g) were divided into 8 groups. Groups received saline, fennel (200, ...

Introduction: The hippocampus (HIP), the primary brain structure related to learning and memory, receives sparse but comprehensive dopamine innervations and contains dopamine D1/D2-like receptors. It is demonstrated that dopamine receptors in dentate gyrus (DG) region of HIP have a remarkable function in spatial reward processing. Much less is known about the involvement of HIP and its D1...

In the present study, the effects of intra-cerebral hippocampus (CA1) injections of apomorphine D1, D2-like receptors agonists on morphine-induced place preference in male Wistar rats have been investigated. Subcutaneous administration of different dose of morphine sulphate (1, 3, 6 and 9 mg/kg) produced a dose-dependent conditioned place preference (CPP). Intra-cerebral hippocampus (CA1) admin...

Understanding the important role of non-specific immune response in protecting body against development numerous diseases has become partially possible after discovery several classes pattern recognition receptors (PRR), such as Toll-like or NOD-like receptors. A group cytoplasmic proteins called inflammasome, which detect PAMP and DAMP through PRR receptors, is able to activate pro-inflammator...

Abstract The molecular evolution of pituitary growth hormone and prolactin in mammals shows two unusual features: episodes markedly accelerated and, some species, complex families related proteins expressed placenta resulting from multiple gene duplications. Explanations these phenomena terms physiological adaptations seem unconvincing. Here, I propose an alternative explanation, namely that ev...

Natural Killer (NK) cells are key effectors of the innate immune system which represent first line defense against viral infections. NK cell activation depends on engagement a complex receptor repertoire expressed their surface, consisting both activating and inhibitory receptors. Among known receptors, family killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) consists in activating/inhibitory that interact with ...

Inflammation serves a protective function in controlling infections and promoting tissue repair, and can also cause damage to tissue and disease. Many types of cells involved in this process, expressing the components of the cannabinoid signaling system that can be controlled endogenously or pharmacologically. Cannabinoids inhibit neuroinflammation and the immune cells express the whole machi...