Abstract Noses are extremely sophisticated chemical detectors allowing animals to use scents interpret and navigate their environments. Odor detection starts with the activation of odorant receptors (ORs), expressed in mature olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) populating mucosa. Different odorants, or different concentrations same odorant, activate unique ensembles ORs. This mechanism combinatori...

Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disorder in hospitalized patients. Many studies documented that it was related to increased morbidity and mortality in patients with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, and neurologic diseases. Although knowledge of hyponatremia has been cumulated, the optimal management of hyponatremia remains incompletely established in clinical practice beca...

Abstract The CD40R-CD40 ligand pathway is a key co-stimulatory for driving T cell-dependent B cell activation and humoral immune responses. This has been implicated in the pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases including thyroiditis, type 1 diabetes, Crohn’s disease, inflammatory bowel psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus Sjogren’s syndrome. Alt...

Abstract Lithium salts are used as mood-balancing medication prescribed to patients suffering from neuropsychiatric disorders, such bipolar disorder and major depressive disorder. cross the blood-brain barrier reach brain parenchyma within few hours after oral application, however, how lithium influences directly human neuronal function is unknown. We applied patch–clamp microelectrode array te...

curcumin exhibits both cancer- preventive activity and growth inhibitory effects on several neoplastic cells including human colon cancer. serotonin and its receptors have also been implicated in tumor development. this study investigated the effect of ritanserin, a selective serotonin 5ht2a receptor antagonist, alone and in combination with curcumin on colorectal cancer cell lines. results sho...

IL-1ra is the first described naturally occurring receptor antagonist of any cytokine or hormone-like molecule. IL-1ra is a member of the IL-1 family by three criteria: amino acid sequence homology of 26 to 30% to IL-1 beta and 19% to IL-1 alpha; similarities in gene structure; and common gene localization to human chromosome 2q14. Two structural variants of IL-1ra exist: sIL-1ra, a secretory m...

Flibanserin is a novel antagonist small molecule to treat the hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) in the premenopausal women. The present article is related to the structural and electronic properties study and docking analysis of the title compound with 5-hydroxytryptamine 2A (5-HT2A) serotonin receptor. To access these aims, the molecular structure of the said compound was optimized usin...

  In this study, we investigated the effect of nicotinic receptor agonists and antagonists on the analgesic response to morphine in the formalin test. In experiments conducted in mice, nicotine produced an early dose-dependent analgesic effect. At a dose of 0.5 mg/kg, mecamylamine, a nicotinic receptor inhibitor, suppressed the analgesic effect induced by 0.1 mg/kg nicotine in both stages of th...

introduction: generally, nmda receptor antagonists inhibit learning and long-term potentiation (ltp). however, it has been suggested that direct tonic activation of nmda receptors, in contrast to learning, may lead to an increase in synaptic “noise”. uncompetitive nmda receptor antagonist memantine can paradoxically reverse deficits in learning and synaptic plasticity, and restore ltp impaired ...