–Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a derivative of artemisinin that has been shown to inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in the several cancer cells via reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation. The present study was designed to understand the mechanism underlying Dihydroartemisinin-induced apoptosis in the A-431 human skin cancer cell line.MTT viability assay was used to study the cell prolifer...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the major factors that induce oxidative modification of DNA and gene mutation. ROS can elicit oxidative stress and affect a wide variety of physiological and pathological processes including embryonal development, maturation and aging.

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain and play major roles in central nervous system development, maintenance, and disease. Brain insults cause microglia to proliferate, migrate, and transform into one or more activated states. Classical M1 activation triggers the production of proinflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), nitric oxide, and reac...

All aerobic organisms use molecular oxygen as terminal oxidant during respiration. Oxygen is neither very reactive nor harmful, but it has the potential to be only partially reduced, leading to the formation of very reactive and therefore toxic intermediates, like singlet oxygen (1O2), superoxide radical (O2·-), hydroperoxylradical (HO2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydroxylradical (·OH). Th...

Reactive oxygen species include a number of molecules that damage DNA and RNA and oxidize proteins and lipids (lipid peroxydation). These reactive molecules contain an oxygen and include H(2;)O(2;) (hydrogen peroxide), NO (nitric oxide), O(2;)(-) (oxide anion), peroxynitrite (ONOO(-)), hydrochlorous acid (HOCl), and hydroxyl radical (OH(-)). Oxidative species are produced not only under patholo...

Thannickal, Victor J., and Barry L. Fanburg. Reactive oxygen species in cell signaling. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 279: L1005–L1028, 2000.—Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated as by-products of cellular metabolism, primarily in the mitochondria. When cellular production of ROS overwhelms its antioxidant capacity, damage to cellular macromolecules such as lipids, protein, and DNA ...

Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) are chemically reactive chemical species containing oxygen. The redox status of a cell is function of the relative concentrations of oxidized and reduced forms of proteins, enzymes, ROS, molecules containing thiol and other factors. In the organism, the redox balance is based on the generation and elimination of ROS produced by endogenous and exogenous sources. All...

Free radicals derived from molecular oxygen and nitrogen are highly reactive metabolites called reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cells continuously produce free radicals and ROS as part of the metabolic process. They are involved in the various functions of the reproductive system. Antioxidants are enzymes or compounds that scavenge and reduce the presence of free radicals. Normally, a balance ex...

The purpose of this study was to determine the role Oxidized Low Density Lipoprotein (OX LDL) promotes insufficient autophagy and apoptosis ovarian granulosa cells through regulation Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) mediated PI3K Akt/mTOR pathway.

This paper will focus on understanding the role and action of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in the molecular and biochemical pathways responsible for the regulation of the survival of hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons in the auditory portion of the inner ear. The pivotal role of ROS/RNS in ototoxicity makes them potentially valuable candidates for effect...