Reactive species or free radicals include reactive oxygen and nitrogen species that are called reactive oxygen nitrogen species. Reactive oxygen species are formed as a natural by-product of the normal metabolism of oxygen and have significant roles in cell signaling and homeostasis. The reactive oxygen species are generated as a byproduct of biochemical reactions, in mitochondria, peroxisomes,...

Paradoxically, death is an integral part of life. Cell death is essential for growth and development of eukaryotes, by maintaining tissue and organ homeostasis in concert with cell proliferation, growth, and differentiation. Until recently, the wide variety of cell death types reported in the literature was mostly caged in two semantic categories: apoptosis and necrosis. Discrimination between ...

Background & Aim: Glycyrrhiza L. (Fabaceae) consists of perennial herbs grow in sandy soils with hard lightness. Three species of the genus grow in Iran, among them G. glabra L. has the widest distribution. It is well known in English as Licorice and the root extract includes flavonoids and glycyrrhizin are used widely in medicine, food industry, tobacco products and other ind...

BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to test whether carvedilol has an antioxidant effect in humans in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS We administered 3.125 mg of carvedilol twice daily to normal subjects for 1 week. ROS generation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes and mononuclear cells fell from 314+/-183.43 and 303+/-116 mV to 185+/-157 and 189+/-63 mV (P<0.025), respectively. m-Tyrosine fell f...

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a paradox for plants. ROS can be deleterious to cellular functions yet also are important signaling molecules. They are an unavoidable consequence of life in an oxygen-rich environment, and plants have devised numerous ways to deal with them, including changes in gene expression upon exposure. An article in the June 2006 Focus Issue on ROS, ‘‘Transcriptomic foo...

Bayesian network is one of the most successful graph models for representing the reactive oxygen species regulatory pathway. With the increasing number of microarray measurements, it is possible to construct the bayesian network from microarray data directly. Although large numbers of bayesian network learning algorithms have been developed, when applying them to learn bayesian networks from mi...

Productive protrusions allowing motile cells to sense and migrate toward a chemotactic gradient of reactive oxygen species (ROS) require a tight control of the actin cytoskeleton. However, the mechanisms of how ROS affect cell protrusion and actin dynamics are not well elucidated yet. We show here that ROS induce the formation of a persistent protrusion. In migrating epithelial cells, protrusio...

Recent advances in the use of nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) in skin microscopy are presented. Nonresonant spectroscopies including second harmonic generation, coherent anti-Stokes Raman and two-photon absorption are described and applications to problems in skin biology are detailed. These nonlinear techniques have several advantages over traditional microscopy methods that rely on one-ph...