Vibrio vulnificus is a Gram-negative bacterium that induces severely rapid pathological progress. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial activity of two water-soluble chitosan oligosaccharides, COS A (MW, 10,000 Da) and COS B (MW, 1,000 Da), from 90-95% deacetylated chitosan, against V. vulnificus in vitro and in vivo. Treatment with COS A resulted in significantly higher suppressive eff...

Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) is one of the key cytokines in defining T helper 1 lymphocyte immuneresponses. In this study, the bovine IFN-γ gene was cloned from spleen tissue RNA using the reversetranscription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). IFN-γ cDNA was sub-cloned and expressed inmammalian expression plasmid (pcDNA3.1(+)) under the control of the human cytomegalovirus (CMV)promoter. The pred...

This course is about data! Data is everywhere. Everything is computerized now and vast amounts of data can be easily stored. Concomitant with vast amounts of data is the belief that this data will be useful. There are many practical issues regarding data which this course will not cover such as storing data, databases, transferring data, etc. This class will be concerned with how to get the mos...

In other words, if ≤ 1/8 and δ ≤ 1/8, then PAC learning is not possible with fewer than d/2 examples. The outline of the proof is: To prove that there exists a concept c ∈ C and a distribution D, we are going to construct a fixed distribution D, but we do not know the exact target concept c used. Instead, we will choose c at random. If we get an expected probability of error over c, then there ...

Take the case of horse racing as an example, we can think of each expert predicting the probability that each horse will win. Another way to motivate this model is to consider coding theory. Suppose Alice wants to send Bob a file consisting of messages x1, . . . , xt, . . . xT , where xt ∈ X, the set of all possible messages. Alice can wait until she sees all messages, which is an offline appro...

Vegetation, soil and ecosystem level carbonyl sulfide (COS) exchange was observed at Duke Forest, a temperate loblolly pine forest, grown under ambient (Ring 1, R1) and elevated (Ring 2, R2) CO 2. During calm meteorological conditions, ambient COS mixing ratios at the top of the forest canopy followed a distinct diurnal pattern in both CO 2 growth regimes, with maximum COS mixing ratios during ...

*Carbonyl sulfide (COS) exchange in C(3) leaves is linked to that of CO(2), providing a basis for the use of COS as a powerful tracer of gross CO(2) fluxes between plants and the atmosphere, a critical element in understanding the response of the land biosphere to global change. *Here, we carried out controlled leaf-scale gas-exchange measurements of COS and CO(2) in representative C(3) plants ...

The first step of papillomavirus infection is believed to be binding of major capsid protein L1 to the cell surface without involvement of minor capsid protein L2, but the viral infectivity can be neutralized either by anti-L1 or anti-L2 antibody. To understand the role of L2 in human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, we examined a segment of HPV type 16 (HPV16) L2, which contains a neutralizatio...

1 Review of the Bayes Algorithm Last time we talked about the Bayes algorithm, in which we give priors π i to each expert. The algorithm maintains weights w t,i for each expert. The π i values serve as the initial weights for the experts. Experts predict the distributions p t,i over the same set X, and the algorithm predicts the q t distribution as a mixture of those distributions. To restate i...

Suppose we are given examples x1, x2 . . . , xm drawn from a probability distribution D over some discrete space X. In the end, our goal is to estimate D by finding a model which fits the data, but is not too complex. As a first step, we need to be able to measure the quality of our model. This is where we introduce the notion of maximum likelihood. To motivate this notion suppose D is distribu...