The development of the theory of high charge and energy (HZE) ion transport is reviewed. The basic solution behavior and approximation techniques will be described. An overview of the HZE transport codes currently available at the Langley Research Center will be given. The near term goal of the Langley program is to produce a complete set of one-dimensional transport codes. The ultimate goa...

Two separate statistical tests are described and developed in order to test unbinned data sets for adherence to the power-law form. The first test employs the TP-statistic, a function defined to deviate from zero when the sample deviates from the power-law form, regardless of the value of the power index. The second test employs a likelihood ratio test to reject a power-law background in favor ...

Recent interactive ray tracing performance has been mainly derived from the use of ray packets. Larger ray packets allow for significant amortization of both computations and memory accesses; however, the majority of primitives are still intersected by each ray in a packet. This paper discusses several methods to cull entire ray packets against common primitives (box, triangle, and sphere) that...

Animal models have been widely used to correlate in vivo changes in bone mineral density (BMD) with changes in disease state of bone. In small animal models, e.g. the hindlimb suspension model of bone loss, a non-invasive assessment of BMD is required. X-ray radiography has been surpassed in some cases by quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and dual X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) quantitation. ...

Holography is a coherent imaging method that provides complex-valued reconstructions of the wave field at the exit of a sample by virtue of the interference between the scattered sample wave and a reference wave [1]. Fourier transform holography (FTH) is a robust and reliable method where reconstructions are obtained by a single Fourier transform, owing to a nearby point-scatterer whose transmi...

A century has passed since the first X-ray diffraction experiment (Friedrich et al. 1912). During this time, X-ray diffraction has become a commonly used technique for the identification and characterization of materials and the field has seen continuous development. Advances in the theory of diffraction, in the generation of X-rays, in techniques and data analysis tools changed the ways X-ray ...

Semiconductor substrates made from single crystal materials need to be cut precisely along a fixed axis during the manufacturing process of the semiconductor components. Thus, measuring the crystal orientation is critical. For these measurements, Xray techniques demonstrate the highest precision. This report presents an outline of two popular X-ray diffraction techniques, the diffractometer and...

During the last years tomographic X-ray investigation methods have been transferred from research centers to industrial labs and have been used for research and development as well as quality control. At the moment 3-dimensional tomographic methods are introduced into production for process survey and in-line control. Furthermore there is a trend towards highly accurate tomographic systems with...

The principle objective of image enhancement is to process an image so that the result is more suitable than the original image for a specific application. This paper presents a novel hybrid method for enhancing digital X-Ray radiograph images by seeking optimal spatial and frequency domain image enhancement combinations. The selected methods from the spatial domain include: Negative transform,...

Faster, better, and cheaper computers make it seem as if any optical calculation can be performed. However, in most cases brute force stray light calculations are still impossible. This paper discusses why this is so, and why it is unlikely to change in the near future. Standard software techniques for solving this problem are then presented, along with a discussion of how old techniques are us...