Various kinds of forensic evidential samples have been controlled by criminal laws and could not be destroyed carelessly, even if any analytical examinations should be needed on the samples, while those samples should be examined rapidly on the basis of the human rights of the concerned suspects or victims. Those evidential samples have been observed and have been examined by many forensic expe...

Synchrotron radiation-induced total reflection X-ray fluorescence (SR-TXRF) analysis is a high sensitive analytical technique that offers limits of detection in the femtogram range for most elements. Besides the analytical aspect, SR-TXRF is mainly used in combination with angle-dependent measurements and/or X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy to gain additional informatio...

Analysis of minor or trace components of minerals has shown that the relative concentrations of these components often are uniquely characteristic of the source of the mineral, while those of the major components, e.g. silica or alumina, are not. In the case that there exist relatively few sources of the mineral but relatively many sites on which artifacts made from this mineral are found, such...

Hard X-ray fluorescence microscopy and magnified phase contrast imaging are combined to obtain quantitative maps of the projected metal concentration in whole cells. The experiments were performed on freeze dried cells at the nano-imaging station ID22NI of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF). X-ray fluorescence analysis gives the areal mass of most major, minor and trace elements...

Modern analytical laboratories require tools to assess uncertainties at every step of the analytical process. Borate fusion combined with X-Ray fluorescence has often been demonstrated to be essential for the determination of major elements in cements, ores and a large number of other matrixes. However, drift and bias contributions from the fusion technique, burner position, fluxer to fluxer, m...

As I have discussed in the last chapter, our goal here is not to elucidate XRF for the entire scientific community – this has been done admirably by others – but to translate the physics, mechanics, and art of XRF for those in archaeology and geoarchaeology who use it as one of the many tools to explain the human past in twenty-first century archaeology. While not a simple exercise, it has util...

Calcium carbonate and calcium-magnesium carbonate in the form of limestone, dolomite, marl, chalk, and Oyster shell are one of the most widely utilized non-metallic materials in the industrial world. The largest use of limestone or calcium carbonate is in the cement industry where it is used as a source of CaO and also in the concrete industry where it is used as the primary coarse aggregate. F...

Immunoglobulins (Ig) and some complement components (C) were quantified in sera from patients with gastric carcinoma before surgery and at regular intervals during a 5-year follow-up.

A reliable and reference-free X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis can be achieved by using accurate knowledge of the spectral distribution polychromatic excitation source.

Grazing-exit x-ray fluorescence (GE-XRF) and micro x-ray fluorescence (micro-XRF) methods were applied to chemical microchips as a detection method. Since an energy-dispersive x-ray detector was used, the simultaneous detection of multiple elements was possible. An analyzing region was especially designed on the microchip so that a sample solution could be dried and concentrated in a suitable a...