Molecules are the basic and most important players of life. Molecules are composed of atoms, and each molecule has two main specifications or inheritances that are structures, and in biomedical applications, biological function. This dichotomy can be compared to living organisms or humans whom possess genotype and phenotype. Each of the two main inherited elements contains a variety of feat...

BACKGROUND This paper summarizes a new report presenting the best available research about the impact of the liability environment on maternity care, and policy options for improving this environment. Improved understanding of these matters can help to transcend polarized discourse and guide policy intervention. METHODS We used a best available evidence approach and drew on more recent empiri...

Chronic tic disorders (TD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity-disorder (ADHD), and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) frequently co-occur in clinical and epidemiological samples. Family studies have found evidence of shared familial transmission between TD and OCD, whereas the familial association between these disorders and ADHD is less clear. This study aimed to investigate to what extent liab...

We develop a model of repeated microcredit lending to study how group size affects optimal group-lending contracts with joint liability. In the setting being studied, a benevolent lender provides microcredit to a group of borrowers to invest in projects. The outcome of each risky project is not observable by the lender; therefore, if some of the borrowers default on their loan repayments, the l...

the doctrine of piercing the corporate veil fascilitated holding directors liable for corporate debt. nevertheless, the doctrine is not a seperate cause of action. directors are bound by fiduciary duty, duty of loyalty and duty of care and skill to the corporation and its shareholders. however, there is not such a contractual relationship between directors and creditors. thus, requiring directo...

Six male post-detoxified opiate dependent subjects were evaluated for abuse liability of buprenorphine (0.6 mg), morphine (16 mg), pentazocine (30 mg) and distilled water (placebo) intramuscular injection in a single blind cross-over random order. Subjective states, drug discrimination, drug linking, sedation and euphoria were assessed at pre-injection, 30 min and 4 hrs post-injection. Buprenor...

In this paper we discuss a new tort liability rule, which we call super-symmetric comparative negligence and vigilance. When both injurer and victim in an accident are negligent, it provides for liability shares that depend on the degrees of negligence of the two parties, similar to the standard comparative negligence rule. Unlike standard liability rules, however, when both parties are vigilan...