We present a population model to understand the effects of temperature and rainfall on the population dynamics of the southern house mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus Say, along an elevational gradient in Hawaii. We use a novel approach to model the effects of temperature on population growth by dynamically incorporating developmental rate into the transition matrix, by using physiological ages ...

Although spatial patterns of seed distribution are thought to vary greatly among plant species dispersed by different vectors, few studies have directly examined this assumption. We compared patterns of seed rain of nine species of trees disseminated by large birds, monkeys, and wind in a closed canopy forest in Cameroon. We used maximumlikelihood methods to fit seed rain data to four dispersal...

Satellite remote sensing of rain is important for quantifying the hydrological cycle, atmospheric energy budget, and cloud and precipitation processes; however, radar retrievals of rain rate are sensitive to assumptions about the raindrop size distribution. The upcoming EarthCARE satellite will feature a 94 GHz Doppler radar alongside lidar and radiometer instruments, presenting opportunities f...

The primary mission of the SeaWinds scatterometer on the QuikSCAT satellite is to infer surface wind vector from ocean backscatter measurements. Occasionally the backscatter measurements are contaminated by the presence of rain; therefore a reliable method of identifying rain is needed. Fortunately, the SeaWinds scatterometer simultaneously obtains active (scattering) and passive (emission) mea...

The Neotropics are one of the most species rich regions on Earth, with over 3150 species of birds. This unrivaled biodiversity has been attributed to higher proportions of mountain ranges, tropical rain forest or rain fall in the forest than in any other major biogeographic regions. Five primary hypotheses aim to explain processes of diversification within the Neotropics; (1) the Pleistocene re...

Abstract Tree-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) comprises a significant carbon flux within forested watersheds. Few studies have assessed the optical properties of tree-derived DOM. To increase understanding factors controlling DOM quality, we measured properties, (DOC) and calcium concentrations in throughfall stemflow for 17 individual rain events during summer fall temperate deciduous f...

One of the most well known examples of phenomena that introduces and motivates the study of continuum percolation is the process of the ground getting wet during a period of rain. At each point hit by a raindrop, one sees a circular wet patch. Right after the rain begins to fall what one sees is a small wet region inside a large dry region. At some instant, so many raindrops have hit the ground...

In country like India where an amount of precipitation is limited to specific period (monsoon season) and if not utilized, water becomes a scary resource. At this same time the present statistics about the average water table in the country indicates a rapid fall in the level. There is an immense need to make a proper utilization of water and increase in ground water level by means of rain wate...

Free Space Optics (FSO) links provide usage of high bandwidth and the flexibility of wireless communication links. However, weather patterns like fog and heavy snow fall limit the availability of FSO. Another technology providing similar properties regarding offered data rates and flexibility of setup is Millimeter Wave Technology (mmW), operating at several tens of GHz. In this case, heavy rai...

The sensitivity of nested WRF simulations of precipitating shallow marine cumuli and cold pools to microphysical parameterization is examined. The simulations differ only in their use of two widely used doublemoment rain microphysical schemes: the Thompson andMorrison schemes. Both simulations produce similar mesoscale variability, with the Thompson scheme producing more weak cold pools and the...