Technological developments and the trend to go higher and higher in frequency give rise to the need for true space–time rain field models for testing the dynamics of fade countermeasures. There are many models that capture the spatial correlation of rain fields. Worth mentioning are those models based on cell ensembles. However, the rain rate fields created in this way need the introduction of ...

This study examines the warm rain formation process in global and regional cloud-resolving models. Methodologies developed to analyze CloudSat and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite observations are employed to investigate the cloud-to-precipitation processes and are applied to model results for comparisons with corresponding statistics from the observations. Three ...

Microphysics parameterization plays an important role in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP). Most NWP models, including the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model, use single-moment (bulk water) schemes derived based on an assumption of the exponential distribution with a fixed intercept parameter for raindrop size distributions (DSDs) such as the Marshall-Palmer (M-P) DSD model (Marshall and Pa...

A field and laboratory based experiment conducted to assess the effects of different pH ranges of simulated acid rain (2.5, 3.5, 4.5 and 5.5) was studied on chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents in two cultivars (cv. Himalaya and cv.Kaushik) of a medicinal herb Mentha piperita. Chlorophyll and ascorbic acid contents of leaves were adversely affected at pH 2.5 and 3.5. The effects of simulated ...

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Rain plays a major impairment factor for propagation of electromagnetic waves in atmosphere for systems operating at frequencies above 10 GHz. Several effects are noted such as depolarization, scintillation, interference due to scattering and extra attenuation which seems to increase with frequency. To mitigate its effect in satellite communication, knowledge of local rainfall statistics is nec...

Number 10 — In Part 1 of th~ essay, I I defined the problem of acid rain and briefly reviewed some of the voluminous scienM[c literature on the subject. In this part, I will examine the worldwide nature of the acid-rain problem, public perceptions of it, and some possible solutions. Many of the studies to date have indk cated that acid rain is rapidly becoming a worldwide problem. The portrayal...

The version 6 TRMM rainfall products showed significant improvements on satellite rain retrievals as compared to rain gauge observations. The differences between TRMM TMI rain products and gauge observations are less than 10% over Florida, Texas, Kwajalein, and Darwin ground validation sites for the 8-year period from January 1998 to December 2005. The rain differences between Version 6 TMI and...

Weather radars are used to measure the electromagnetic radiation backscattered by cloud raindrops. Clouds that backscatter more electromagnetic radiation consist of larger droplets of rain and therefore they produce more rain. The idea is to estimate rain rate by using weather radar as an alternative to rain-gauges measuring rainfall on the ground. In an experiment during two days in June and A...

Attenuation measurement on Kuband satellite signal in a tropical site, Fiji is presented. Rain-attenuation prediction by ITU-R and the Crane Global models showed noticeable deviation to the measured values. Unlike the monotonic decrease predicted by these models, exceedance of rain-rate and attenuation in Fiji and other tropical regions showed the presence of breakpoints. For Suva, the breakpoi...