We compute the one-loop contribution to the free energy in eleven-dimensional supergravity, with the eleventh dimension compactified on a circle of radius R11. We find a finite result, which, in a small radius expansion, has the form of the type IIA supergravity free energy plus non-perturbative corrections in the string coupling gA, whose coefficients we determine. We then study type IIA super...

This paper presents a micro-model of knowledge creation and transfer for a couple. Our model incorporates two key aspects of the cooperative process of knowledge creation: (i) heterogeneity of people in their state of knowledge is essential for successful cooperation in the joint creation of new ideas, while (ii) the very process of cooperative knowledge creation a¤ects the heterogeneity of peo...

The effect of spatial agglomeration (localisation and urbanisation economies) on employment growth is explored over a balanced panel of 23,374 Italian firms, using a flexible Bayesian model. Contrary to previous research, the agglomeration economies measures are calculated using direct measures of physical distances between pairs of firms, rather than with respect to pre-specified geographical ...

This paper examines the shifting influence of household characteristics and telecommunications infrastructure on the residential broadband adoption decision for Oklahoma residents between 2003 and 2006. In particular, the spread of wired telecommunications infrastructure (namely cable Internet and Digital Subscriber Lines (DSL)) is examined, along with the effect that this diffusion has had on ...

Since ‘nice’ and ‘interesting’ can hardly be treated as mathematically formulated features, let us discuss the permutability property. We shall explain it in more detail for the classical example of surfaces with constant negative Gaussian curvature (K-surface) with their Bäcklund transformations. Let r : R → R be a K-surface, and r10 and r01 two K-surfaces obtained by Bäcklund transformations ...

The Impact of Local Decentralization on Economic Growth: Evidence from U.S. Counties We analyze the impact of fiscal decentralization on U.S. county population, employment, and real income growth. Our findings suggest that government organization matters for local economic growth, but that the impacts vary by government unit and by economic indicator. We find that single-purpose governments per...

In pre-industrial Europe, growth was driven by the expansion of trade, and the expansion of trade was driven by falling trading costs. This paper discusses the mechanisms linking these processes–profit-seeking behavior by merchants, changes in the organization of production, technological progress, and urbanization. It then reviews the fluctuations in European economic growth between 1000 and 1...

This paper provides empirical evidence of an U-shaped relationship between the extent of the market (size of the relevant urban market) and the pattern of crop specialization in a village economy. We use the recent two-stage estimator developed by Lewbel (2007) and exploit heteroskedasticity for identification of the causal effects of market size. The results suggest that the portfolio of crops...

This paper is an empirical investigation of the determinants of city growth in Australia from 1981 to 1991. Our basic goal is to explain the population and labour force growth of a cross section of cities in the time period using variables representing the initial characteristics of cities. While we find that city growth is negatively correlated with initial size, government sector employment a...

Empirical analyses suggest that the employment creating effect of start-ups is highest in regions with a low level of new business formation and that an increase in the regional start-up rate beyond a certain level may lead to negative employment effect. In explaining these results, we assume that the average quality of regional start-ups decreases with the number of start-ups, while the costs ...