The properties of Na channels of the node of Ranvier are altered by neutral, amine, and quaternary local anesthetic compounds. The kinetics of the Na currents are governed by a composite of voltage- and time-dependent gating processes with voltage- and time-dependent block of channels by drug. Conventional measurements of steady-state sodium inactivation by use of 50-ms prepulses show a large n...

This work describes the synthesis of a series of quaternary ammonium salts and the assessment of their in vitro antileishmanial activity and cytotoxicity. A preliminary discussion on a structure-activity relationship of the compounds is also included. Three series of quaternary ammonium salts were prepared: (i) halomethylated quaternary ammonium salts (series I); (ii) non-halogenated quaternary...

A simple, specific, accurate and precise Q-Absorbance ration spectrophotometric method was developed validated for estimation of Zonisamide Aripirazole in Synthetic Mixture. showed iso-absorptive point at 230.50nm Distilled water. The second wavelength used 240.60nm which is λmax distilled concentration the drugs determined by using ratio absorbance (λ1 =240.60 nm) (λ2 =230.50 nm). This linear ...

The anesthetic mixture of medetomidine (MED), midazolam (MID) and butorphanol (BUT) produced anesthetic duration of around 40 minutes (min) in ICR mice. We reported that this anesthetic mixture produced almost the same anesthetic effects in both male and female BALB/c and C57BL/6J strains. Intraperitoneal (IP) administration of drugs has been widely used in mice. However, various injectable rou...

introduction: narcotic drug abuse and illicit use of drugs is a major, complicated multifactorial phenomenon affecting most of the societies today. incidence of drug abuse among adolescents is very high. adolescents become addicted to substances more quickly than adults. the aim of this study was to assess the pattern of drug abuse among male adolescents in hamadan. methods: this study was a de...

introduction: ebv is categorized as herpesviridans and by nature is a lymph crypto virus. studies have demonstrated that ebv will infect 80 to 90 percent of patients during the first year and there is a close relation between kidney malfunction and ebv infection. reactivation of the virus excites the immune system, and ultimately leads to rejection of kidney. the purpose of this study was to de...

background: to determine the role of drugs in fatal overdose, analyses were done on samples obtained from autopsy examination and death and crime scene investigations. the aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of toxicology analyses of postmortem biological and non-biological samples belonging to a subject in determining the forensic cause of death. methods: toxicological analysis we...

The binary, ternary, quaternary, and quintary interactions of a five-component mixture of carcinogenic environmental polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using response surface analyses are described. Initially, lung tumor dose-response curves in strain A/J mice for each of the individual PAHs benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), 5-methylchrysene...

Although rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptors can exist as both monomers and non-covalently associated dimers/oligomers, the steady-state proportion of each form and whether this is regulated by receptor ligands are unknown. Herein we address these topics for the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor, a key molecular target for novel cognition enhancers, by using spatial intensity distribu...