Government spending models typically feature contemporaneously correlated error structures (Beck and Katz, 1995; Kittel and Winner, 2005; Plümper, Troeger and Manow, 2005). Therefore, most models report panel-corrected standard errors (PCSEs), which also correct for cross-section heteroskedasticity. Another possibility is a unit root in the dependent variable (nonstationarity). I conducted Dick...

The term “intransitive noninterference” refers to the information flow properties required of systems like downgraders, in which it may be legitimate for information to flow indirectly between two users but not directly. We examine the usual definition of this property in terms of a modified purge function, and show that this is a distinctly weaker property than an alternative we derive from co...

The FROG-4000TM Portable GC System Weighing less than 5 pounds, the FROG4000TM (shown in Figure 1) is the smallest portable GC system on the market today. The FROGTM uses MEMS components and designer nanomaterials to deliver the same detection capabilities of a traditional bench top GC system but at a fraction of the cost and size. The FROG-4000TM is equipped with a purge-and-trap system for an...

The majority of current micro-scale gas chromatography (μGC) systems focus on air sampling to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, purging the VOCs from a water sample using microsystems is an unchartered territory. Various organic compounds used in everyday life find their way to water bodies. Some of these water organic compounds (WOCs) persist or degrade slowly, threatening not...

OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ageing time of lamb loins prior to freezing on technological characteristics and oxidation stability of coarse ground lamb loin sausage using in a model system. METHODS Lamb loins (M. longissimus lumborum, n = 25) were aged at -1.5°C for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 8 wk and then frozen for the remaining days (a total of 30 wk). The aged...

Abstract The use of purge flow in gas turbines allows for high turbine entry temperatures, which are essential to produce cycle efficiency. Purge air is bled from the compressor and reintroduced cool vulnerable components. Wheel-spaces formed between adjacent rotating stationary discs, with supplied at low radius before exiting into mainstream gas-path through a rim-seal disc periphery. An aero...

We present the formal veriication of synchronizing aspects of the Reliable Computing Platform (RCP), a fault-tolerant computing system for digital ight control applications. The RCP uses NMR-style redundancy to mask faults and internal majority voting to purge the eeects of transient faults. The system design has been formally speciied and veriied using the Ehdm veriication system. Our formaliz...