BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Successful colonoscopy is contingent upon adequate bowel preparation, which is often achieved using either an oral sodium phosphate preparation or a polyethylene glycol-based preparation. Comparison of the relative performance of these two classes of agents has been assessed only in the context of clinical trials (and with mixed findings). However, efficacy measured in...

The findings of diffuse tubular injury with abundant tubular calcium phosphate deposits on renal biopsy are referred to as nephrocalcinosis, a condition typically associated with hypercalcemia. During the period from 2000 to 2004, 31 cases of nephrocalcinosis were identified among the 7349 native renal biopsies processed at Columbia University. Among the 31 patients, 21 presented with acute ren...

Spices are a diverse group of wide variety dietary additives consumed all over the world. Study spices is good example to illustrate anyone complementarily science and tradition. A spice may be any dried part, an herb, pleasantly aromatic like seed, fruit, root, bark or flower plant, which commonly used for flavor, color, as preservative medicine. From ancient time have being playing major role...

THE DESIRE to maintain, reinforce or restore health, has everywhere followed initially two distinct trends-that of instinctive or empirical medicine, and that of magic or sacerdotal medicine. The fusion of these two accidental at first, then systematic and by intent-had as a happy and paradoxical consequence the progressive laicization of the profession; a preliminary condition necessary to its...