asthma is one of the fastest growing syndromes in many countries and is adding a huge cost to the health care system. increasing reports have linked airway infectious diseases to asthma. influenza is one of the most serious airway infectious diseases and in recent years there have been some serious influenza virus pandemics which caused increased fatality in numerous different populations. dive...

Merkel Cell Carcinoma (MCC) is a rare, but highly aggressive cancer of the skin. In MCC patients, inhibitors targeting programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) immune checkpoint pathway have yielded remarkable antitumor activity by stimulating cancer-specific T-cell immunity. Here, we identify previously unknown role for PD-1 as growth-promoting receptor intrinsic to cells. four established human lines, ...

After colonization or invasion, intracellular pathogens seek host cells to establish infections and facilitate replication. This lifestyle provides essential nutrients and protection from immune systems. Several host cells—in particular professional phagocytes, such as monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils—have developed antimicrobial mechanisms to deplete the replicative niche of these intra...