the aim of this study was to explain and prioritize the barriers facing privatization of sports in iran. first, complementary data were gathered, coded and analyzed through the review of the theoretical bases, comparative studies and deep semi–structured interviews with experts in order to identify the barriers facing privatization of sports. after identifying the barriers, the obtained variabl...

This paper aims to provide empirical evidence for demonstrating financial additionality of multilateral development banks (MDBs) in private participation infrastructure (PPI) projects terms financing beyond what is available the markets. To verify MDB additionality, this study examines whether PPI with support have significantly larger investment commitments than total average by using database...

In this work we develop a rewarding framework that can be used to enhance existing crowd-sensing applications. Although core requirement of such systems is user engagement, people may reluctant participate as sensitive information about them leaked or inferred from submitted data. The use monetary rewards help incentivize participation, thereby increasing not only the amount but also quality se...