Neurotrophic effects of immunophilin ligands have been shown in animal models of peripheral and central nervous system insult. To investigate the specific growth-promoting effects of these compounds, we examined the effects of various immunophilin ligands on primary dopamine (DA) neurons in culture and compared these with a well-known DA trophic factor, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic fact...

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are crucial mediators in sculpting tissue architecture and are required for many physiological and pathological processes. MMP3 has been shown to regulate branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland. Ectopic expression of proteolytically active MMP3 in mouse mammary epithelia triggers supernumerary lateral branching and, eventually, tumors. Using a three-dimens...

Hubert Haider’ primary goal in his latest book is to establish a universal constraint on the branching structure of Language: there are only right branching structures and their mirror image—left branching ones—do not exist at all. Through this strong proposal, Haider seeks to shed light on what he considers a universal, inviolable aspect of the architecture of grammar, thus contributing to the...

Many organs including the mammalian lung and vascular system consist of branched tubular networks that transport essential gases or fluids, but the genetic programs that control the development of these complex three-dimensional structures are not well understood. The Drosophila melanogaster tracheal (respiratory) system is a network of interconnected epithelial tubes that transports oxygen and...

Signalling via tissue-specific receptors for fibroblast growth factor is important in tracheal branching and mesodermal patterning in Drosophila; both processes may involve a common primary response - detachment and directed migration of the target cells - that is conserved from worms to mammals.

In this paper, a BPRE (branching process in random environments) is presented, in which a population development in deteriorating environments is described. Some primary results on process growth and extinction probability are shown. At last, two simple numerical examples that attempt to simulate the probability model are given to help understand its mathematical framework.

A class of random discrete distributions P is introduced by means of a recursive splitting of unity. Assuming supercritical branching, we show that for partitions induced by sampling from such P a power growth of the number of blocks is typical. Some known and some new partition structures appear when P is induced by a Dirichlet splitting. AMS 2000 subject classifications: Primary 60G09, 60C05

A purely atomic superprocess with dependent spatial motion is characterized as the pathwise unique solution of a stochastic partial differential equation, which is driven by a time-space white noise defining the spatial motion and a sequence of independent Brownian motions defining the branching mechanism. AMS Subject Classifications: Primary 60J80, 60G57; Secondary 60J35

Dendritic morphology determines many aspects of neuronal function, including action potential propagation and information processing. However, the question remains as to how distinct neuronal dendrite branching patterns are established. Here, we report that postsynaptic density-95 (PSD-95), a protein involved in dendritic spine maturation and clustering of synaptic signaling proteins, plays a n...

Aerial architecture in higher plants is dependent on the activity of the shoot apical meristem (SAM) and axillary meristems (AMs). The SAM produces a main shoot and leaf primordia, while AMs are generated at the axils of leaf primordia and give rise to branches and flowers. Therefore, the formation of AMs is a critical step in the construction of plant architecture. Here, we characterized the r...