Dysmenorrhea is called "primary" when there is no specific abnormality and "secondary" when the pain is caused by an underlying gynecological problem. It is believed that primary dysmenorrhea occurs when hormone-like substances called "prostaglandins" produced by uterine tissue trigger strong muscle contractions in the uterus during menstruation. However, the level of prostaglandins does not se...

accessing the secondary or implied meaning of the text is one of the most important aims of research in the field of literature because the literariness of the text arises from this kind of meaning.  implied meaning is expressed through language and various elements related to the literary genre, and would be referred to as the text’s “language.” in order to investigate the language of short st...

To define the concentration of anti-rubella virus (RV) antibodies discriminating nonimmune from immune persons and to characterize immune responses to rubella vaccination, serologic studies were performed after rubella vaccination in persons with low or undetectable antibody concentrations. Thirty-six subjects with primary immune responses had prevaccination anti-RV IgG concentrations <15 IU/mL...