Historians of chemistry usually associate the eighteenth century with the Chemical Revolution, but it could just as readily be called 'the century of gases' (or 'airs', as they were called in the eighteenth century). In the early part of the century, the British pneumatic chemists struggled to replace the traditional notion 'Air', understood as an inert chemical element, with the concept of 'ai...

In this paper, similarity hypotheses for the atmospheric surface layer (ASL) are reviewed using nondimensional characteristic invariants, referred to as -numbers. The basic idea of this dimensional -invariants analysis (sometimes also called Buckingham’s -theorem) is described in a mathematically generalized formalism. To illustrate the task of this powerful method and how it can be applied to ...

Satellite-based vegetation indices (VIs) and Apparent Thermal Inertia (ATI) derived from temperature change provide valuable information for estimating evapotranspiration (LE) and detecting the onset and severity of drought. The modified satellite-based Priestley-Taylor (MS-PT) algorithm that we developed earlier, coupling both VI and ATI, is validated based on observed data from 40 flux towers...

We use high resolution, ground-based observations of ice displacement to investigate deformation across the floating left-lateral shear margin Priestley Glacier, Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica. Bare conditions allow us fix survey marks directly glacier surface. A combination continuous positioning a local reference mark, and repeat network 33 stakes installed 2 km width are used quantify strain rat...

Abstract In this paper, we study the class of modules with fusion and implication based over distributive lattices , or FIDL - for short. We introduce concepts FIDL-subalgebra FIDL-congruence as well notions simple subdirectly irreducible FIDL-modules. give a bi-sorted Priestley-like duality FIDL-modules moreover, an application such duality, provide topological bi-spaced description FIDL-congr...

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Beddoes lectured on chemistry at Oxford in the years that included the French Revolution, the Terror, and the outbreak of war with France, as well as the success in France of the chemical revolution. The very public dispute between Edmund Burke and Joseph Priestley meant that the latter's study of different kinds of air was politically tainted. Beddoes's democratic beliefs and his support for t...

The use of multiple evapotranspiration (ET) models is critical for exploring the ambiguity in the representations of ET processes. Although ensemble ET models are increasingly used to address this ambiguity, practical issues include: 1) the diversity of process representations, which require different input data and constants; 2) the diversity of nomenclature, terminology and units used in the ...

The analysis of coproducts in varieties of algebras has generally been variety-specific, relying on tools tailored to particular classes of algebras. A recurring theme, however, is the use of a categorical duality. Among the dualities and topological representations in the literature, natural dualities are particularly well behaved with respect to coproduct. Since (multisorted) natural dualitie...

Establishing satisfactory calculation methods of lake evaporation has been crucial for research and management of water resources and ecosystems. A 30 year dataset from Dickie Lake, south-central Ontario, Canada added to the limited long-term studies on lake evaporation. Evaporation during ice-free season was calculated separately using seven evaporation methods, based on field meteorology, hyd...