Pricing and charging are the most important management functionalities future commercial networks need to offer. Since the Internet is on the move to provide differentiated services, for the backbone based on the Differentiated Services Architecture (DiffServ), suitable and scalable management mechanisms are required. Based on a new view of pricing, considered as important management informatio...

Performance-based regulation (PBR) is influenced by the Bayesian and non-Bayesian incentive mechanisms. While Bayesian incentives are impractical, the insights from their properties can be combined with practical non-Bayesian mechanisms for application to transmission pricing. This combination suggests an approach based on the distinction between ultra-short, short and long periods. For ultra-s...

This report evaluates the traffic safety impacts of various transport pricing reforms including fuel tax increases, efficient road and parking pricing, distance-based insurance and registration fees, and public transit fare reductions. This analysis indicates that such reforms can significantly reduce traffic risk, in addition to providing other important economic, social and environmental bene...

The paper aims to analyse the role of asset impairment and biological assets in company’s audit estimate impact losses scale on fees. object investigation was A-share listed companies from 2012 2021 China. study analysed 370 obtain 28741 observations, which 367 had 1854 observations with assets. applied fixed effect model, three-step mediation test, Sobel test PSM matching test. results show th...

OBJECTIVE To determine the frequency of awareness of oral self screening in terms of clinical site and practice towards addiction among the students of health sciences according to low and high fees status. STUDY DESIGN Qualitative study, KAP-study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY Dow University Campuses, from November 2008 to March 2009. METHODOLOGY Twelve hundred and fifty undergraduate and...

Traditional economic theory provides a conundrum for pricing large, lumpy infrastructure investments: very different shortand long-run pricing prescriptions. Unless the facility is congested, efficient short run prices should only cover operating costs (short-run marginal cost, SMC); any higher price designed to also recover capital costs would risk inefficient under-utilization. However, if th...

The problem of abnormal audit fees in the market is more prevalent. To study impact on quality, China's A-share listed companies Shanghai and Shenzhen from 2013 to 2020 were selected as research objects, calculated using pricing model split into positive negative fees, relationship between them quality was analyzed a regression model, this basis, examined. also examines mediating effect concent...

BACKGROUND To explore the hospitalizations of breast cancer patients undergoing mastectomy, and to provide a basis for management, clinical prevention and treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted an investigation by means of the retrospective survey and the medical records retrieval system, and made out the data of patients suffered from breast cancer in a hospital in Guangzhou from 2004...

This paper examines public support for new user fees established at the Desolation Wilderness in California as part of the Fee Demonstration Program. Traditional approaches to fee policy evaluations have typically focused on economic or revenue issues and equity impacts of various pricing strategies. Support for fees has been shown to vary by users in terms of attitudes toward fees, nature of u...