women's rights alimony as preferred creditor is highlighted in iranian civil law. in other words women's right on maintenance is given priority over other debts, meaning the wife's claim takes priority over all other debts. it should be noted the above mentioned rights are considered in the first draft of family protection law and more privilege is given to women on this issue. i...

Thermodynamics developed before the atomic nature of of matter was understood. Major developments occurred in the first half of the nineteenth century. The names Carnot, Clausius, W. Thompson (Kelvin) are major names associated with these developments. Tsallis is a notable current worker in this field. Thermodynamics is based on a small number of basic principles (the laws of thermodynamics.) T...

D aniel Sui has sent me a written version of comments presented by five geographers at a panel on the first law of geography organized by him at the 2003 AAG meeting in New Orleans. The comments seem to fall into two camps: some reject the idea of ‘‘laws’’ in geography, and others feel that my notion has been of some merit. Interestingly, several other laws are cited in the comments; two by Isa...

The first law for the holographic entanglement entropy of spheres in a boundary CFT (Conformal Field Theory) with a bulk Lovelock dual is extended to include variations of the bulk Lovelock coupling constants. Such variations in the bulk correspond to perturbations within a family of boundary CFTs. The new contribution to the first law is found to be the product of the variation δa of the “A”-t...

A framework was recently introduced to generalize black hole mechanics to physical situations by replacing stationary event horizons with isolated horizons. That framework is significantly extended. The extension is non-trivial in that not only do the boundary conditions now allow the horizon to be distorted and rotating, but also the subsequent framework is based on several new ingredients. Sp...

Even before the advent of Arti cial Intelligence, science ction writer Isaac Asimov recognized that an agent must place the protection of humans from harm at a higher priority than obeying human orders. Inspired by Asimov, we pose the following fundamental questions: (1) How should one formalize the rich, but informal, notion of \harm"? (2) How can an agent avoid performing harmful actions, and...

A unified first law of black-hole dynamics and relativistic thermodynamics is derived in spherically symmetric general relativity. This equation expresses the gradient of the active gravitational energy E according to the Einstein equation. Projecting the equation along the flow of thermodynamic matter and along the trapping horizon of a black hole yield, respectively, first laws of relativisti...

A general recipe proposed elsewhere to define, via Noether theorem, the variation of energy for a natural field theory is applied to Einstein-Maxwell theory. The electromagnetic field is analysed in the geometric framework of natural bundles. Einstein-Maxwell theory turns then out to be natural rather than gauge-natural. As a consequence of this assumption a correction termà la Regge-Teitelboim...

economic analysis of law is a new approach in law that emerged in the early 1960's and its main purpose is managing the rules of the legal system in a way to achieve economic efficiency. this approach has been influential in all the areas of law including the law of civil liability and follows to set up the compensation system based on some principles to minimize the costs resulting from damage...