The 3D printing technologies have been initially developed in the 1980s. Currently, these become an integral part of modern product development and successfully applied a wide range industries including automotive manufacturing, biomedical, consumer, food, construction. Since material efficiency is becoming critical design driver construction industry, many strategies for improving such as recy...

Using data from a 1992 nationally representative survey of the elderly in urban China, this study examines the impact of political and economic reforms on income stratification. Drawing upon the existing literature on the differential impact of market reforms in socialist states, we develop and test three hypotheses: one stressing the increasing importance of returns to human capital, one stres...

Soldering is an ancient process, having been developed 5000 years ago. It remains a crucial process with many modern applications. In electronic devices, electric currents pass through solder joints. A new physical phenomenon--the supersaturation of solders under high electric currents--has recently been observed. It involves (1) un-expected supersaturation of the solder matrix phase, and (2) t...

The generation of additional interface traps in the pinch-off region and the threshold voltage shift due to hotelectron stressing have been shown to cause 1-3 orders of magnitude increase in the flicker noise density. This flicker noise “overshoot” can easily degrade the performance/resolution of analog circuits by 6-18dB. An improved flicker noise model which is capable of accurately predictin...