The increasing demand of load without considerable increase in transmission resources has posed numerous constraints and challenges in the power system monitoring and performance. The inadequacy in transmission resources has resulted in reduced operational margins for many power systems worldwide and has led to operation of power systems closer to their stability limits and to power exchange in...

To secure the transmission lines against power system faults, distance relays are mostly used. Distance relay has its own Resistance (R)–Reactance (X) characteristics. Co-ordination of different is necessary for fast operation circuit breaker. Various which being tripped with respect to breakers attached at individual buses faraway from each other. These will be operated between occurred fault ...

Deregulation, increased loads, and limited resources/rights-of-way available for the building of new transmission lines are routinely pushing modern power transmission networks to operating limits. New generations of microprocessor relays provide design opportunities that help stressed transmission networks meet protection requirements. To verify that increasingly complex microprocessor relays ...