This study contributes to the periodic review inventory system literature by: (1) investigating customer service level (CSL) as a social responsibility in pharmaceutical supply chains (PSCs) and (2) proposing chain contracting achieve win–win coordination guarantee satisfied CSL. Specifically, considering demand uncertainty one of main challenges faced by pharmacies, we analyze how applying con...

Abstract This article investigates the implementation effects of China's recent reforms to centralize its court system and offers an explanation why such centralization efforts largely failed. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with judicial personnel from four localities, study shows that local courts’ structural dependence same-level party-states is perpetuated or, in some cases, even exacerbat...

School finance reform in Michigan involved centralization (at the state level) of spending decisions about schools, a large tax shift (mostly from property to sales), and a small tax cut. The changes came about after two decades of failed attempts to reduce property taxes in the state, and were the immediate result of an unlikely piece of legislation that abolished all funding for public school...

Power grids all over the world are transitioning towards a decentralized structure. Under such transition, blockchain technology is emerging as potential solution for technical, deployment and decentralization issues, given its security, integrity, nature required infrastructure. Moreover, offers excellent features like non-repudiation immutability which makes it promising application DER integ...

after a relatively long period of centralization and with the beginning of decentralization experiences since 1970s, the periodical orientations and trends of governments towards both centralization and decentralization systems appeared. stemming generally from political and economic domains, decentralization entered curriculum and education system from these domains. problems such as deficienc...

In a typical corporate hierarchy, the manager is delegated the authority to make strategic decisions, and to contract with other employees. We study when such delegation can be optimal. In centralization, the owner retains the authority, which fails to motivate the manager to acquire valuable information, leading to suboptimal decisions and inefficient incentive provision to the worker. Benefic...