Starting from a stochastic agent-based model to represent market exchange in a developing economy, we study time variations of the probability density function of income with simultaneous variation of the consumption deprivation (CD), where CD represents the shortfall in consumption from the saturation level of an essential commodity, cereal. Together, these two models combine income-expenditur...

This report collects and reviews the definitions used by countries of Central, Eastern and South-Eastern Europe, Caucasus and Central Asia to monitor poverty and employment according to the Millennium Development Goal 1. It distinguishes the indices on the basis of the threshold used to measure poverty: international or national, absolute or relative, extreme or less severe, based on food intak...

undoubtly, land degradation causes apparent decrease of natural resources potential which are highly linked to desertification. different countries and also international organization have realized a great number of projects to combat desertification. unfortunately these projects have not reach to their goals. the experiences shows that the reason of these unsuccessful works is lack of consider...

INTRODUCTION Nowadays, Buerger's disease (BD) is more common in the developing countries of Asia. Although its prevalence is going to decrease in the developed countries, its decline rate is not in parallel with that for smoking in these countries. Since the number of BD patients reported to MVasRc is increasing annually and its pathogenesis is unknown, the aim of the study was to investigate t...

This paper compares egalitarian concepts of fairness in health care payments (requiring that payments be linked to ability to pay or ATP) and minimum standards approaches (requiring that payments do not exceed a pre-specified proportion of pre-payment income, or do not drive households into poverty). We develop indices for both sets of approaches. In the first, we compare the “agnostic” approac...

This chapter presents Sen’s capability approach as a framework for well-being measurement with powerful and ongoing relevance to current work on measuring well-being in order to guide public policy. It discusses how preferences and values inform the relative weights across capabilities, then draws readers’ attention to measurement properties of multidimensional measures that have proven to be p...

A natural way of viewing an inequality or a poverty measure is in terms of the vector distance between an actual (empirical) distribution of incomes and some appropriately normative distribution (reflecting a perfectly equal distribution of incomes, or a distribution with the smallest mean that is compatible with a complete absence of poverty). Real analysis offers a number of distance function...

Poverty is a problem that national governments have always faced, namely developed and developing countries' local governments. Several factors causing poverty were selected, including the Indirect Spending Human Development Index, which was studied to influence in Belitung Regency. The purpose of study optimize reduction through Index scheme short long term Regency 2011-2021, using secondary d...