The last fteen years have seen a remarkable revolution in both the conduct of and the common understanding of monetary policy around the world. This revolution has encompassed instruments, with an increased emphasis on transparency about short and medium run central bank policy planning and decreased emphasis on intermediate targets such as monetary aggregates. This revolution has also encompas...

there were pivotal elements in 1978's islamic revolution of iran playing such roles which led to the derogation of pahlavi government on one hand, and set the scene for evolution and revolutionary movement in different classes of iranians, on the other. recognizing and studying these factors and discovering their interactional and organic relationship as well as gaining their framework, ru...

this article is an attempt to study two historical junctures in the history of iran: from the qajar era to the mashrooteh movement; and from the pahlavi era to the islamic revolution. the two junctures have been studied from different perspectives; however, this article concentrates only on how political legitimacy emerged and diminished in the the above-mentioned revolutions. the basic questio...

the purpose of this article is to focus on an important issue in the field of public policy, i.e.: the role of consultants in the process of public policy and decision making. in this article, it is historically shown that this role was confirmed and applied in ancient civilizations such as iranian, greek and islamic civilizations. the systematic role of consultants is, then, emphasized in mode...

Ever since the 1979 Iranian Revolution, and even more so since the spectacular attacks by Qa‘idat al-Jihad against the U.S. on 9/11, there has been an ever-growing flood of academic and journalistic publications devoted to radical Islam. Unfortunately, much of that literature has embodied problematic conceptual perspectives that can best be characterized as ‘Islam bashing’, ‘Islam apologism’, o...